{"doi":"10.1101/2025.08.04.668448","title":"WITHDRAWN: Modeling hidden cognitive states reveals acute and chronic effects of fentanyl on decision-making","abstract":"The cognitive mechanisms underlying behavior are often dynamic, shifting gradually or abruptly over time scales spanning years, to weeks, to minutes. Whether drug-induced changes in learning and decision-making follow similarly dynamic patterns remains unclear. To address this, we apply a reinforcement learning model to choice data from rats performing a two-step task for oral fentanyl and sucrose rewards. The model contains a set of agents with their own learning and decision-making rules that differentially influence choice, and, critically, each agent's contribution to choice is allowed to vary across latent states that fluctuate over time. Using a dimensionality reduction method to align latent states across subjects, we identified three distinct states reflecting mixtures of goal-directed, habitual, and novelty-driven strategies. We found that acute fentanyl reward increased the frequency of transitions out of a goal-directed state into a habit-driven state, while chronic fentanyl exposure selectively diminished goal-directed control within a habit-dominant state, independent of sex. Together, these results demonstrate that fentanyl reshapes both the dynamics and cognitive architecture of decision-making, underscoring the utility of latent-state modeling combined with dimensionality reduction for uncovering drug-driven cognitive changes.","journal":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","year":2025,"id":571788,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9503,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":277925,"name":"Patricia H. Janak","orcid":"0000-0002-3333-9049","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":672779,"name":"Eric Garr","orcid":"0000-0002-5436-7305","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5493,"name":"Z. Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-7853-9079","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":15,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:57:19.669553Z","pmid":"40799613","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}