{"doi":"10.1101/2025.06.23.25330155","title":"Genomic dimensions deconstruct the clinical heterogeneity of bipolar disorder","abstract":"Importance: The clinical heterogeneity of bipolar disorder (BD) is a major obstacle to improving diagnosis, predicting patient outcomes, and developing personalized treatments. A genetic approach is needed to deconstruct the disorder and uncover its fundamental biology. Previous genetic studies focusing on broad diagnostic categories have been limited in their ability to parse this complexity. Objective: To test the hypothesis that clinically distinct subphenotypes of BD are associated with different underlying common variant genetic architectures. Design Setting and Participants: This multicenter study included a primary genome-wide association study (GWAS) of up to 23,819 bipolar disorder (BD) cases and 163,839 controls. These results were integrated via multi-trait analysis of GWAS (MTAG) with external summary statistics for BD (59,287 cases; 781,022 controls) and schizophrenia (SCZ; 53,386 cases; 77,258 controls). Sample overlap was statistically accounted for. Main Outcomes and Measures: ), and functional, cell-type, and gene-expression pathway analyses. Results: ). Notably, the rapid-cycling subphenotype showed a unique signature of strong negative selection, a finding not observed in other subphenotypes. Conclusions and Relevance: The clinical heterogeneity of bipolar disorder appears to be defined by a complex and multi-layered genetic architecture. The presented findings provide an empirical framework that may advance psychiatric nosology beyond its current diagnostic boundaries. These results may also inform future research to identify targets for personalized interventions. The delineation of these genetically-informed dimensions offers specific, biologically-grounded hypotheses for subsequent therapeutic discovery. Establishing such a framework is an essential step toward refining diagnostic criteria and developing more effective, personalized treatments. This work lays the foundation for a transition from a uniform treatment model to the paradigm of precision psychiatry. Key Points: These findings provide a data-driven biological framework for bipolar disorder, guiding future research toward patient stratification and targeted therapeutics.","journal":"medRxiv","year":2025,"id":558321,"datarank":0.10397207708399181,"base_score":0.6931471805599453,"endowment":0.6931471805599453,"self_citation_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9595,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":675441,"name":"Markos Tesfaye","orcid":"0000-0002-3351-701X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1025180,"name":"Jessica Yang","orcid":"0000-0002-3685-4126","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":815014,"name":"Toni Boltz","orcid":"0000-0003-0226-7924","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":614413,"name":"Friederike S. 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