{"doi":"10.1101/2025.06.20.25328792","title":"Harmonization of cerebral blood flow measurements by multi-delay 3D gradient and spin echo, and single-delay 2D echo planar imaging","abstract":"Abstract Purpose Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is commonly measured by pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) in human research, but recent advancements in methodology have limited data reuse. The object of this work is to harmonize two distinct PCASL techniques within a cohort with a wide range of CBF values. Methods Participants had two PCASL sequences collected within a single session: a single post-label delay sequence with a 2D echo-planar imaging (EPI) readout, “CBF 2D,1PLD ”, and a five post-label delay sequence with gradient and spin echo (GRASE) 3D readout, “CBF 3D,5PLD ”. Linear regression modeling to impute CBF 3D,5PLD from CBF 2D,1PLD , hemoglobin, and age were assessed within gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) using leave-one-out cross-validation for prediction errors and confidence intervals. Within-subject coefficient of variation (wsCV) and inter-class correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated using CBF 3D,5PLD imputed vs. measured as pseudo test-retest pairs. Results Fifty participants, ages 8–45 (median 25) years, had usable CBF 3D,5PLD and CBF 2D,1PLD , including 17 participants with sickle cell disease (SCD), who were matched by age ( p = 0.90) and sex ( p = 0.16) to those without SCD. A multiple linear regression model including hemoglobin and age fit GM CBF (R 2 adj. = 0.82; for WM CBF R 2 adj. = 0.78). The wsCV for CBF 3D,5PLD was 9.1% for GM, 11.3% for WM. ICC was 0.89 for GM and 0.87 for WM. Models without age or hemoglobin fit slightly worse. Conclusion Our study demonstrates feasibility to impute 3D-GRASE multi-PLD CBF from a 2D-EPI single-PLD technique, which promotes data sharing and harmonization.","journal":"medRxiv","year":2025,"id":568875,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":0.0,"corpus_rank":10062,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.7652,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":710225,"name":"Chunwei Ying","orcid":"0000-0003-1060-3289","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":399185,"name":"Michael M. Binkley","orcid":"0000-0002-7701-7615","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":702215,"name":"Melanie E. Fields","orcid":"0000-0001-6223-4468","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1434404,"name":"Igor Dedkov","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":399184,"name":"Slim Fellah","orcid":"0000-0001-6179-6389","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1473631,"name":"Jingyi Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-0931-1302","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":822670,"name":"Amy Mirro","orcid":"0000-0001-5501-7342","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":259385,"name":"Joshua S. Shimony","orcid":"0000-0002-6228-776X","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":399192,"name":"Yasheng Chen","orcid":"0000-0002-1133-452X","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":310715,"name":"Jin‐Moo Lee","orcid":"0000-0002-3979-0906","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":302358,"name":"Andria L. Ford","orcid":"0000-0003-0605-8943","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":274286,"name":"Hongyu An","orcid":"0000-0001-6459-2269","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":696561,"name":"Kristin P. Guilliams","orcid":"0000-0002-5518-3778","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1268386,"name":"J. B. Lewis","orcid":"0000-0001-5758-245X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":33,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:56:55.795846Z","pmid":"40585150","pmcid":"PMC12204274","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}