{"doi":"10.1101/2024.10.03.616281","title":"Differential effects of conventional transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) of the cerebellum on offset analgesia","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Offset analgesia (OA) describes the large decrease in perceived pain in response to a minor decrease in applied painful thermal stimulus. Here non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is used to modulate the cerebellum, since the cerebellum is known to signal sensory prediction errors and is implicated in pain processing.</jats:p>\n                </jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An OA protocol individualized to heat pain threshold (HPT) was applied via TSA-II (Medoc, Israel). NIBS interventions were applied prior to OA. Cathodal cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and high-definition (4X1) transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) were applied to 46 healthy participants within a sham controlled repeated measures design to examine whether diffuse or focal stimulation differentially modulates OA.</jats:p>\n                </jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    OA induced hypoalgesia was robust, with 90% of responses showing a drop in perceived pain (δVAS) &gt; 10 following the 1°C fall in temperature. This OA response was augmented following a protocol with sham and focal cathodal cerebellar stimulation on four OA parameters (OA\n                    <jats:sub>latency</jats:sub>\n                    , VAS\n                    <jats:sub>minimum</jats:sub>\n                    , VAS\n                    <jats:sub>mean</jats:sub>\n                    and VAS\n                    <jats:sub>2nd</jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sub>max</jats:sub>\n                    ) relative to pre-stimulation. This effect was differential to the protocol with sham and conventional tDCS where two OA metrics altered (OA\n                    <jats:sub>duration</jats:sub>\n                    , VAS\n                    <jats:sub>2nd</jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sub>max</jats:sub>\n                    ).\n                  </jats:p>\n                </jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>OA enhancement via cathodal cerebellar NIBS may involve both a placebo effect and sustaining a noxious sensory prediction error. Understanding how the cerebellum is involved in OA could enhance therapies for pain patients.</jats:p>\n                </jats:sec>","journal":null,"year":null,"id":619883,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1599927,"name":"Hannah Ashe","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1146003,"name":"Max Wragan","orcid":"0009-0004-3396-4751","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1599930,"name":"Ruairí O’Flaherty","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1599932,"name":"Eoin Deevy-Gray","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1599933,"name":"Alice G. Witney","orcid":"0000-0002-3726-8479","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1599925,"name":"Niamh O’Connor","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Differential effects of conventional transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) of the cerebellum on offset analgesia","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Offset analgesia (OA) describes the large decrease in perceived pain in response to a minor decrease in applied painful thermal stimulus. Here non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is used to modulate the cerebellum, since the cerebellum is known to signal sensory prediction errors and is implicated in pain processing.</jats:p>\n                </jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An OA protocol individualized to heat pain threshold (HPT) was applied via TSA-II (Medoc, Israel). NIBS interventions were applied prior to OA. Cathodal cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and high-definition (4X1) transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) were applied to 46 healthy participants within a sham controlled repeated measures design to examine whether diffuse or focal stimulation differentially modulates OA.</jats:p>\n                </jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    OA induced hypoalgesia was robust, with 90% of responses showing a drop in perceived pain (δVAS) &gt; 10 following the 1°C fall in temperature. This OA response was augmented following a protocol with sham and focal cathodal cerebellar stimulation on four OA parameters (OA\n                    <jats:sub>latency</jats:sub>\n                    , VAS\n                    <jats:sub>minimum</jats:sub>\n                    , VAS\n                    <jats:sub>mean</jats:sub>\n                    and VAS\n                    <jats:sub>2nd</jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sub>max</jats:sub>\n                    ) relative to pre-stimulation. This effect was differential to the protocol with sham and conventional tDCS where two OA metrics altered (OA\n                    <jats:sub>duration</jats:sub>\n                    , VAS\n                    <jats:sub>2nd</jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sub>max</jats:sub>\n                    ).\n                  </jats:p>\n                </jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>OA enhancement via cathodal cerebellar NIBS may involve both a placebo effect and sustaining a noxious sensory prediction error. Understanding how the cerebellum is involved in OA could enhance therapies for pain patients.</jats:p>\n                </jats:sec>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"19910364","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":null,"authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[],"oa_status":"green","license":"cc-by-nc-nd","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.03.616281","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1101/2024.10.03.616281","host_type":"publisher"}],"fields_of_study":[],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":[],"sdg_mappings":[],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-03T09:01:39.194227Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}