{"doi":"10.1101/2024.06.03.597138","title":"Time-division multiplexing (TDM) sequence removes bias in T2 estimation and relaxation-diffusion measurements","abstract":"Abstract Purpose To compare the performance of multi-echo (ME) and time-division multiplexing (TDM) sequences for accelerated relaxation-diffusion MRI (rdMRI) acquisition and to examine their reliability in estimating accurate rdMRI microstructure measures. Method The ME, TDM, and the reference single-echo (SE) sequences with six echo times (TE) were implemented using Pulseq with single-band (SB-) and multi-band 2 (MB2-) acceleration factors. On a diffusion phantom, the image intensities of the three sequences were compared, and the differences were quantified using the normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE). For the in-vivo brain scan, besides the image intensity comparison and T2-estimates, different methods were used to assess sequence-related effects on microstructure estimation, including the relaxation diffusion imaging moment (REDIM) and the maximum-entropy relaxation diffusion distribution (MaxEnt-RDD). Results TDM performance was similar to the gold standard SE acquisition, whereas ME showed greater biases (3-4× larger NRMSEs for phantom, 2× for in-vivo). T2 values obtained from TDM closely matched SE, whereas ME sequences underestimated the T2 relaxation time. TDM provided similar diffusion and relaxation parameters as SE using REDIM, whereas SB-ME exhibited a 60% larger bias in the <R 2 > map and on average 3.5× larger bias in the covariance between relaxation-diffusion coefficients. Conclusion Our analysis demonstrates that TDM provides a more accurate estimation of relaxation-diffusion measurements while accelerating the acquisitions by a factor of 2 to 3.","journal":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","year":2024,"id":488573,"datarank":0.16479184330021646,"base_score":1.0986122886681096,"endowment":1.0986122886681096,"self_citation_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.961,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":351659,"name":"Borjan Gagoski","orcid":"0000-0003-3777-2621","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1221483,"name":"Imam Ahmed Shaik","orcid":"0009-0000-2849-8849","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":286815,"name":"Carl‐Fredrik Westin","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":285281,"name":"Elisabeth A. Wilde","orcid":"0000-0002-9839-4428","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":624239,"name":"Walter Schneider","orcid":"0000-0002-0133-9319","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":263263,"name":"Berkin Bilgic̦","orcid":"0000-0002-9080-7865","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":497343,"name":"William A. Grissom","orcid":"0000-0002-3289-1827","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":431767,"name":"Jon‐Fredrik Nielsen","orcid":"0000-0002-2058-3579","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":516415,"name":"Maxim Zaitsev","orcid":"0000-0001-7530-1228","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":273470,"name":"Yogesh Rathi","orcid":"0000-0002-9946-2314","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":291213,"name":"Lipeng Ning","orcid":"0000-0003-4992-459X","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1221482,"name":"Qiang Liu","orcid":"0009-0007-6818-0115","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":49,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:08:19.655720Z","pmid":"38895252","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}