{"doi":"10.1101/2023.01.15.23284576","title":"Daily exposure to PM <sub>2.5</sub> and 1.5 million deaths: A time-stratified case-crossover analysis in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area","abstract":"Abstract Background Satellite-based PM 2.5 predictions are being used to advance exposure science and air-pollution epidemiology in developed countries; including emerging evidence about the impacts of PM 2.5 on acute health outcomes beyond the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and the potential modifying effects from individual-level factors in these associations. Research on these topics is lacking in Latin America. Methods We used a time-stratified case-crossover study design with 1,479,950 non-accidental deaths from Mexico City Metropolitan Area for the period of 2004-2019. Daily 1x1 km PM 2.5 (median=23.4 μg/m 3 ; IQR=13.6 μg/m 3 ) estimates from our satellite-based regional model were employed for exposure assessment at the sub-municipality level. Associations between PM 2.5 with broad-category (organ-system) and cause-specific mortality outcomes were estimated with distributed lag conditional logistic models. We also fit models stratifying by potential individual-level effect modifiers including; age, sex, and individual SES-related characteristics namely: education, health insurance coverage, and job categories. Results PM 2.5 exposure was associated with higher total non-accidental, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, respiratory, and digestive mortality. A 10-μg/m 3 PM 2.5 higher cumulative exposure over one week (lag 06 ) was associated with higher cause-specific mortality outcomes including hypertensive disease [2.28% (95%CI: 0.26%–4.33%)], acute ischemic heart disease [1.61% (95%CI: 0.59%–2.64%)], other forms of heart disease [2.39% (95%CI: -0.35%–5.20%)], hemorrhagic stroke [3.63% (95%CI: 0.79%–6.55%)], influenza and pneumonia [4.91% (95%CI: 2.84%–7.02%)], chronic respiratory disease [2.49% (95%CI: 0.71%–4.31%)], diseases of the liver [1.85% (95%CI: 0.31%–3.41%)], and renal failure [3.48% (95%CI: 0.79%–6.24%)]. No differences in effect size of associations were observed between SES strata. Conclusions Exposure to PM 2.5 was associated with mortality outcomes beyond the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, including specific death-causes from the digestive and genitourinary systems, with no indications of effect modification by individual SES-related characteristics.","journal":"medRxiv","year":2023,"id":398192,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9325,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":875188,"name":"Horacio Riojas‐Rodríguez","orcid":"0000-0002-6734-0486","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":291145,"name":"Elena Colicino","orcid":"0000-0002-1875-8448","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":271562,"name":"Johnathan Rush","orcid":"0000-0002-6853-8494","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":364923,"name":"Marcela Tamayo‐Ortiz","orcid":"0000-0002-7018-3602","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":764757,"name":"Víctor Hugo Borja‐Aburto","orcid":"0000-0002-7333-5798","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":240832,"name":"Allan C. Just","orcid":"0000-0003-4312-5957","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":517340,"name":"Iván Gutiérrez-Ávila","orcid":"0000-0001-8040-2007","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":50,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:19:43.776284Z","pmid":"36711599","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}