{"doi":"10.1101/2022.11.01.514761","title":"The Choice of Reference Frame Alters Interpretations of Non-Linear Gait","abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction Humans regularly follow non-linear trajectories, such as turning, during everyday ambulation. However, globally-defined and locally-defined reference frames fall out of alignment during non- linear locomotion, which complicates spatiotemporal and biomechanical analyses of gait. Thus, the choice of the locally-defined reference frame is an important methodological consideration. This study investigated how different definitions of reference frame change the results and interpretations of common gait measures. Methods Nine healthy adults completed two walking trials around a circular track. Kinematic data were collected via motion capture and used to calculate step length, step width, anteroposterior margin of stability, and mediolateral margin of stability using three different locally-defined reference frames: walkway-fixed, body-fixed, and trajectory-fixed. Linear-mixed effects models compared the effect of reference frame on each gait measure, and the effect of reference frame on conclusions about a known effect of turning gait – asymmetrical stepping patterns. Results All four gait measures differed significantly across the three reference frames. A significant interaction of reference frame and step type (i.e. inside vs outside step) on all four gait measures ( p < 0.001) indicated conclusions about asymmetry differed based on the choice of reference frame. Conclusion The choice of reference frame will change the calculated gait measures and may alter the conclusions of studies investigating non-linear gait. Care should be taken when comparing studies that used different reference frames, as results cannot be easily harmonized. Future studies of non-linear gait need to justify and detail their choice of reference frame.","journal":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","year":2022,"id":312810,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9432,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":577507,"name":"Nicholas Kreter","orcid":"0000-0002-1567-6287","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1011106,"name":"Cameron B. Jensen","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":392997,"name":"Peter C. Fino","orcid":"0000-0002-8621-3706","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1010656,"name":"Tyler K. Ho","orcid":"0000-0003-3128-1303","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":19,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:33:40.460845Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}