{"doi":"10.1101/2022.09.05.506686","title":"Controllable self-replicating RNA vaccine delivered intradermally elicits predominantly cellular immunity","abstract":"Intradermal delivery of self-replicating RNA (srRNA) is a promising vaccine platform. Considering that human skin temperature is around 33°C, lower than core body temperature of 37°C, we have developed an srRNA that functions optimally at skin temperature and is inactivated at or above 37°C as a safety switch. This temperature- c ontrollable srRNA (c-srRNA), when tested as an intradermal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, functions when injected naked without lipid nanoparticles. Unlike most currently available vaccines, c-srRNA vaccines predominantly elicit cellular immunity with little or no antibody production. Interestingly, c-srRNA-vaccinated mice produced antigen-specific antibodies upon subsequent stimulation with antigen protein. Antigen-specific antibodies were also produced when B-cell stimulation using antigen protein was followed by c-srRNA booster vaccination. Using c-srRNA, we have designed a pan-coronavirus booster vaccine that incorporates both spike receptor binding domains as viral surface proteins and evolutionarily conserved nucleoproteins as viral non-surface proteins, from both SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. It can thereby potentially immunize against SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and their variants. c-srRNA may provide a route to activate cellular immunity against a wide variety of pathogens.","journal":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","year":2022,"id":301809,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9551,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":226529,"name":"Hong Yu","orcid":"0000-0002-2838-5809","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":993832,"name":"Misa Amano","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":993277,"name":"Erica Leyder","orcid":"0000-0001-9278-0435","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":993833,"name":"Maria Badiola","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":288428,"name":"Priyanka Ray","orcid":"0000-0002-8421-772X","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":651719,"name":"Jiyoung Kim","orcid":"0000-0002-2999-3320","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":993834,"name":"Akihiro C. Ko","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":542096,"name":"Achouak Achour","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":420559,"name":"Nan‐ping Weng","orcid":"0000-0001-8175-8953","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":993278,"name":"Efrat Kochba","orcid":"0000-0002-2954-7232","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":993279,"name":"Yotam Levin","orcid":"0000-0002-0811-2870","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":993280,"name":"Minoru S.H. Ko","orcid":"0000-0002-3530-3015","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":993831,"name":"Tomokazu Amano","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":50,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:32:06.309890Z","pmid":"36263074","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}