{"doi":"10.1101/2021.12.15.472874","title":"Distinguishing COVID-19 infection and vaccination history by T cell reactivity","abstract":"SUMMARY SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines elicit memory T cell responses. Here, we report the development of two new pools of E xperimentally-defined T cell epitopes derived from the non-spike R emainder of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome (CD4RE and CD8RE). The combination of T cell responses to these new pools and Spike (S) were used to discriminate four groups of subjects with different SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccine status: non-infected, non-vaccinated (I−V−); infected and non-vaccinated (I+V−); infected and then vaccinated (I+V+); and non-infected and vaccinated (I−V+). The overall classification accuracy based on 30 subjects/group was 89.2% in the original cohort and 88.5% in a validation cohort of 96 subjects. The T cell classification scheme was applicable to different mRNA vaccines, and different lengths of time post-infection/post-vaccination. T cell responses from breakthrough infections (infected vaccinees, V+I+) were also effectively segregated from the responses of vaccinated subjects using the same classification tool system. When all five groups where combined, for a total of 239 different subjects, the classification scheme performance was 86.6%. We anticipate that a T cell-based immunodiagnostic scheme able to classify subjects based on their vaccination and natural infection history will be an important tool for longitudinal monitoring of vaccination and aid in establishing SARS-CoV−2 correlates of protection.","journal":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","year":2021,"id":222236,"datarank":0.10397207708399181,"base_score":0.6931471805599453,"endowment":0.6931471805599453,"self_citation_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.10397207708399181,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.955,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":615292,"name":"Eric Wang","orcid":"0000-0002-2378-9505","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":627292,"name":"Emily Garrigan","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":615291,"name":"Benjamin Goodwin","orcid":"0000-0002-5485-2861","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103772,"name":"Aaron Sutherland","orcid":"0000-0003-3772-5024","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":568401,"name":"James Chang","orcid":"0000-0003-3429-5583","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":823389,"name":"Rosa Isela Gálvez","orcid":"0000-0002-9320-2570","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103768,"name":"José Mateus","orcid":"0000-0002-1402-3452","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103771,"name":"Stephen A. Rawlings","orcid":"0000-0003-3637-1447","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":36878,"name":"Davey M. Smith","orcid":"0000-0003-3603-1733","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103777,"name":"April Frazier","orcid":"0000-0002-4722-7304","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103766,"name":"Daniela Weiskopf","orcid":"0000-0003-2968-7371","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103769,"name":"Jennifer M. Dan","orcid":"0000-0002-1672-0657","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103780,"name":"Shane Crotty","orcid":"0000-0002-6484-6262","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":292649,"name":"Alba Grifoni","orcid":"0000-0002-2209-5966","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":106294,"name":"Ricardo da Silva Antunes","orcid":"0000-0001-9785-5272","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":55670,"name":"Alessandro Sette","orcid":"0000-0001-7013-2250","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":106293,"name":"Esther Dawen Yu","orcid":"0000-0002-3970-3753","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":46,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:54:03.549854Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}