{"doi":"10.1101/2021.12.06.21266524","title":"Effect of everyday discrimination on depression and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic: a large-scale, repeated-measures study in the <i>All of Us</i> Research Program","abstract":"Abstract Objective The COVID-19 pandemic has coincided with an increase in depressive symptoms as well as a growing awareness of health inequities and structural racism in the United States. Here, we examine the mental health impact of everyday discrimination during the pandemic in a large and diverse cohort of the All of Us Research Program. Methods Using repeated assessments of 62,651 participants in May to July of 2020, we fitted mixed-effects models to assess the effect of everyday discrimination on moderate to severe depression (Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 ≥ 10) and suicidal ideation (PHQ-9 item 9 &gt; 0), and applied inverse probability weights to account for non-random probabilities of completing the voluntary survey. Results Everyday discrimination was associated with increased odds of depression (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) [95% CI]: 1.21 [1.20 -1.22]) and suicidal ideation (1.17 [1.16-1.18]). For depression, the effects were larger in earlier phases of the pandemic (interaction p=8.2×10 −5 ), which varied by main reason for discrimination and self-reported race and ethnicity. Among those who identified race or ancestry/national origin(s) as a primary reason for discrimination, Asian and Black or African American participants had 24% and 17% increase in the odds of depression in May of 2020 (1.24 [1.17-1.31] and 1.17 [1.12-1.22]), respectively, versus a 3% and 7% increase in July (1.03 [0.96-1.10] and 1.07 [1.02-1.12]). Conclusion In this large and diverse sample, increased levels of everyday discrimination were associated with higher odds of depression, particularly during the early phase of the pandemic among participants self-identifying as Asian or Black.","journal":"medRxiv","year":2021,"id":222215,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9527,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":823367,"name":"Zhaowen Liu","orcid":"0000-0001-9344-8098","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":823368,"name":"Daniel Fatori","orcid":"0000-0001-7753-894X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":823369,"name":"Joshua Bauermeister","orcid":"0000-0002-9154-1392","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":823662,"name":"Rebecca A. Luh","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":294028,"name":"Cheryl R. Clark","orcid":"0000-0001-6782-6382","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":556948,"name":"Sarah Bauermeister","orcid":"0000-0001-9463-6971","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":123043,"name":"André R. Brunoni","orcid":"0000-0002-6310-3571","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":104618,"name":"Jordan W. Smoller","orcid":"0000-0002-0381-6334","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":629743,"name":"Young A Lee","orcid":"0000-0001-7517-6594","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":30,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:54:03.549854Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}