{"doi":"10.1101/2021.08.13.456312","title":"Non-Invasive Confocal Fluorescence Imaging of Mice Beyond 1700 nm Using Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors","abstract":"Abstract Light scattering by biological tissues sets a limit to the penetration depth of high-resolution optical microscopy imaging of live mammals in vivo . An effective approach to reduce light scattering and increase imaging depth is by extending the excitation and emission wavelengths to the > 1000 nm second near-infrared (NIR-II), also called the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) window. Here, we developed biocompatible core-shell lead sulfide/cadmium sulfide (PbS/CdS) quantum dots emitting at ~1880 nm and superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPD) for single-photon detection up to 2000 nm, enabling one-photon fluorescence imaging window in the 1700-2000 nm (NIR-IIc) range. Confocal fluorescence imaging in NIR-IIc reached an imaging depth of ~ 800 μm through intact mouse head, and enabled non-invasive imaging of inguinal lymph nodes (LNs) without any surgery. In vivo molecular imaging of high endothelial venules (HEVs) with diameter down to ~ 6.6 μm in the lymph nodes was achieved, opening the possibility of non-invasive imaging of immune trafficking in lymph nodes at the single-cell/vessel level longitudinally.","journal":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","year":2021,"id":216076,"datarank":0.26876392038420827,"base_score":1.791759469228055,"endowment":1.791759469228055,"self_citation_contribution":0.26876392038420827,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.26876392038420827,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":5,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9604,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":347672,"name":"Fuqiang Ren","orcid":"0000-0003-3922-5840","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":267720,"name":"Zhuoran Ma","orcid":"0000-0002-1520-2129","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":289665,"name":"Liangqiong Qu","orcid":"0000-0001-8235-7852","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":811444,"name":"Ronan Gourgues","orcid":"0000-0002-6479-9435","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":258850,"name":"C. F. Xu","orcid":"0000-0001-8831-3607","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":811445,"name":"Ani Baghdasaryan","orcid":"0000-0003-1324-5683","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":347670,"name":"Jiachen Li","orcid":"0000-0001-8311-4043","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":811446,"name":"Iman Esmaeil Zadeh","orcid":"0000-0002-3833-2508","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":811969,"name":"Johannes W. N. Los","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":811447,"name":"Andreas Fognini","orcid":"0000-0002-2895-1110","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":811970,"name":"Jessie Qin-Dregely","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":267724,"name":"Hongjie Dai","orcid":"0000-0002-4906-4502","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":267721,"name":"Feifei Wang","orcid":"0000-0001-7687-3412","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":46,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:53:00.192353Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}