{"doi":"10.1101/2021.06.08.447489","title":"Brain charts for the human lifespan","abstract":"Abstract Over the past few decades, neuroimaging has become a ubiquitous tool in basic research and clinical studies of the human brain. However, no reference standards currently exist to quantify individual differences in neuroimaging metrics over time, in contrast to growth charts for anthropometric traits such as height and weight 1 . Here, we built an interactive resource to benchmark brain morphology, www.brainchart.io , derived from any current or future sample of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. With the goal of basing these reference charts on the largest and most inclusive dataset available, we aggregated 123,984 MRI scans from 101,457 participants aged from 115 days post-conception through 100 postnatal years, across more than 100 primary research studies. Cerebrum tissue volumes and other global or regional MRI metrics were quantified by centile scores, relative to non-linear trajectories 2 of brain structural changes, and rates of change, over the lifespan. Brain charts identified previously unreported neurodevelopmental milestones 3 ; showed high stability of individual centile scores over longitudinal assessments; and demonstrated robustness to technical and methodological differences between primary studies. Centile scores showed increased heritability compared to non-centiled MRI phenotypes, and provided a standardised measure of atypical brain structure that revealed patterns of neuroanatomical variation across neurological and psychiatric disorders. In sum, brain charts are an essential first step towards robust quantification of individual deviations from normative trajectories in multiple, commonly-used neuroimaging phenotypes. Our collaborative study proves the principle that brain charts are achievable on a global scale over the entire lifespan, and applicable to analysis of diverse developmental and clinical effects on human brain structure. Furthermore, we provide open resources to support future advances towards adoption of brain charts as standards for quantitative benchmarking of typical or atypical brain MRI scans.","journal":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","year":2021,"id":213131,"datarank":0.8838414376933736,"base_score":3.58351893845611,"endowment":3.58351893845611,"self_citation_contribution":0.5375278407684165,"citation_network_contribution":0.34631359692495706,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5375278407684165,"citer_contribution":0.34631359692495706,"corpus_percentile":77.1718109383461,"corpus_rank":2952,"citation_count":35,"citer_count":12,"citers_with_citation_signal":11,"citers_with_endowment":11,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8895,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":52331,"name":"Jakob Seidlitz","orcid":"0000-0002-8164-7476","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":12651,"name":"Simon R. White","orcid":"0000-0001-8642-7037","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":226046,"name":"Jacob W. Vogel","orcid":"0000-0001-6394-9940","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804402,"name":"Karen Anderson","orcid":"0000-0002-1176-6605","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":307366,"name":"Chris Adamson","orcid":"0000-0002-8084-8305","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":52274,"name":"Sophie Adler","orcid":"0000-0002-3978-7424","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":454954,"name":"George S. Alexopoulos","orcid":"0000-0001-5677-7001","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":237613,"name":"Evdokia Anagnostou","orcid":"0000-0002-3455-9887","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804403,"name":"Ariosky Areces-González","orcid":"0000-0001-7255-6196","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804404,"name":"Duncan E. Astle","orcid":"0000-0002-7042-5392","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":640394,"name":"Bonnie Auyeung","orcid":"0000-0003-1741-0949","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804405,"name":"M. Ayub","orcid":"0000-0001-9757-2467","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":624159,"name":"Gareth Ball","orcid":"0000-0003-3509-1435","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":52337,"name":"Simon Baron-Cohen","orcid":"0000-0001-9217-2544","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804406,"name":"Richard Beare","orcid":"0000-0002-7530-5664","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":570875,"name":"Saashi A. Bedford","orcid":"0000-0002-0491-5342","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":481226,"name":"Vivek Benegal","orcid":"0000-0002-8896-9689","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":277085,"name":"Frauke Beyer","orcid":"0000-0001-5401-852X","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804981,"name":"Ji-Hyun Bae","orcid":null,"position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":16115,"name":"John Blangero","orcid":"0000-0001-6250-5723","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":485381,"name":"Manuel Blesa","orcid":"0000-0002-5665-4105","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":562146,"name":"James P. Boardman","orcid":"0000-0003-3904-8960","position":22,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":447650,"name":"Matthew Borzage","orcid":"0000-0001-7010-2318","position":23,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804407,"name":"J.F. Bosch-Bayard","orcid":"0000-0003-4193-8268","position":24,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804408,"name":"Niall Bourke","orcid":"0000-0001-6478-1430","position":25,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":227761,"name":"Vince D. Calhoun","orcid":"0000-0001-9058-0747","position":26,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":107785,"name":"M. Mallar Chakravarty","orcid":"0000-0002-0759-5508","position":27,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804409,"name":"Chen Chen","orcid":"0000-0002-3007-4364","position":28,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":791814,"name":"Casey Chertavian","orcid":"0009-0009-6630-1272","position":29,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":260100,"name":"Gaël Chételat","orcid":"0000-0002-4889-7932","position":30,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":499355,"name":"Yap Seng Chong","orcid":"0000-0002-7232-8473","position":31,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804410,"name":"James I. Cole","orcid":"0000-0003-1178-5846","position":32,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":28808,"name":"Aiden Corvin","orcid":"0000-0001-6717-4089","position":33,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804411,"name":"Manuela Costantino","orcid":"0000-0003-1886-3173","position":34,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804982,"name":"E. Courchesne","orcid":null,"position":35,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":30969,"name":"Fabrice Crivello","orcid":"0000-0001-6950-984X","position":36,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":236923,"name":"Vanessa Cropley","orcid":"0000-0003-0029-1525","position":37,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":771458,"name":"Jennifer Crosbie","orcid":"0000-0002-8710-3322","position":38,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":289664,"name":"Nicolás Crossley","orcid":"0000-0002-3060-656X","position":39,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":661783,"name":"Marion Delarue","orcid":"0000-0002-8934-8649","position":40,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":40106,"name":"Richard Delorme","orcid":"0000-0002-5614-3663","position":41,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109364,"name":"Sylvane Desrivières","orcid":"0000-0002-9120-7060","position":42,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":353192,"name":"Gabriel A. Devenyi","orcid":"0000-0002-7766-1187","position":43,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804412,"name":"M.A. Di Biase","orcid":"0000-0002-8038-9217","position":44,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":257900,"name":"Raymond J. Dolan","orcid":"0000-0001-9356-761X","position":45,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":298624,"name":"Kirsten A. Donald","orcid":"0000-0002-0276-9660","position":46,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":62347,"name":"Gary Donohoe","orcid":"0000-0003-3037-7426","position":47,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804413,"name":"Katharine Dunlop","orcid":"0000-0003-4366-7692","position":48,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":250914,"name":"A. David Edwards","orcid":"0000-0003-4801-7066","position":49,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":381152,"name":"Jed T. Elison","orcid":"0000-0002-6246-1000","position":50,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":421929,"name":"Cameron T. Ellis","orcid":"0000-0002-3254-5940","position":51,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":486270,"name":"Jeremy A. Elman","orcid":"0000-0002-5840-1769","position":52,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109306,"name":"Lisa T. Eyler","orcid":"0000-0002-7783-8798","position":53,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":235292,"name":"Damien A. Fair","orcid":"0000-0001-8602-393X","position":54,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":266099,"name":"Eric Feczko","orcid":"0000-0003-1337-5517","position":55,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":662912,"name":"Paul C. Fletcher","orcid":"0000-0001-8257-1517","position":56,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":257899,"name":"Peter Fonagy","orcid":"0000-0003-0229-0091","position":57,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":264626,"name":"Carol E. Franz","orcid":"0000-0002-8987-1755","position":58,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804414,"name":"Lídice Galán‐Garcia","orcid":"0000-0003-2636-5588","position":59,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804415,"name":"Gholipour Sajjad","orcid":"0000-0002-2469-7952","position":60,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":630286,"name":"Jay N. Giedd","orcid":"0000-0003-2002-8978","position":61,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":314179,"name":"John H. Gilmore","orcid":"0000-0002-0939-6764","position":62,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":24964,"name":"David C. Glahn","orcid":"0000-0002-4749-6977","position":63,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":257902,"name":"Ian Goodyer","orcid":"0000-0002-0947-9906","position":64,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804983,"name":"P.E. Grant","orcid":null,"position":65,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":107807,"name":"Nynke A. Groenewold","orcid":"0000-0002-0865-8427","position":66,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":755658,"name":"Faith M. Gunning","orcid":"0000-0003-1854-9969","position":67,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":230042,"name":"Raquel E. Gur","orcid":"0000-0002-4082-8502","position":68,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804984,"name":"R. C. Gur","orcid":null,"position":69,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":746301,"name":"Christopher Hammill","orcid":"0000-0001-9823-2827","position":70,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":65584,"name":"Oskar Hansson","orcid":"0000-0001-8467-7286","position":71,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":67969,"name":"Trey Hedden","orcid":null,"position":72,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":285467,"name":"Andreas Heinz","orcid":"0000-0001-5405-9065","position":73,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":642954,"name":"Richard N. Henson","orcid":"0000-0002-0712-2639","position":74,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":268778,"name":"Katja Heuer","orcid":"0000-0002-7237-0196","position":75,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295669,"name":"Jacqueline Hoare","orcid":"0000-0002-6963-3557","position":76,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":481214,"name":"Bharath Holla","orcid":"0000-0003-0999-1237","position":77,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":16285,"name":"Avram J. Holmes","orcid":"0000-0001-6583-803X","position":78,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":570881,"name":"Rosemary Holt","orcid":"0000-0002-3650-0977","position":79,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":542326,"name":"Hao Huang","orcid":"0000-0002-0774-4374","position":80,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":340335,"name":"Kiho Im","orcid":"0000-0002-9239-8970","position":81,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":284514,"name":"Jonathan Ipser","orcid":"0000-0003-1272-0032","position":82,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":49956,"name":"Clifford R. Jack","orcid":"0000-0001-7916-622X","position":83,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255762,"name":"Andrea Parolin Jackowski","orcid":"0000-0001-8842-5406","position":84,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":60716,"name":"Tianye Jia","orcid":"0000-0001-5399-2953","position":85,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":33059,"name":"Keith Johnson","orcid":"0000-0002-8578-5921","position":86,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":490799,"name":"Peter Lloyd Jones","orcid":"0000-0003-1445-4081","position":87,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804416,"name":"D. T. Jones","orcid":"0000-0002-8362-7698","position":88,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":62374,"name":"René S. Kahn","orcid":"0000-0001-5909-8004","position":89,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":194862,"name":"Hasse Karlsson","orcid":"0000-0002-4992-1893","position":90,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804417,"name":"Linnea Karlsson Wirebring","orcid":"0000-0002-9201-8560","position":91,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804418,"name":"Ryuta Kawashima","orcid":"0000-0002-6132-3861","position":92,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804419,"name":"Elizabeth W. Kelley","orcid":"0000-0003-2990-3636","position":93,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":552022,"name":"Silke Kern","orcid":"0000-0001-7617-7214","position":94,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":120276,"name":"Ki Woong Kim","orcid":"0000-0002-1103-3858","position":95,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":257895,"name":"Manfred G. Kitzbichler","orcid":"0000-0002-4494-0753","position":96,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":264627,"name":"William S. Kremen","orcid":"0000-0002-8629-5609","position":97,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":420153,"name":"François Lalonde","orcid":"0000-0003-4250-6088","position":98,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":804420,"name":"Brigitte Landeau","orcid":"0000-0002-0814-3714","position":99,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":52342,"name":"Richard A. I. Bethlehem","orcid":"0000-0002-0714-0685","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":92,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:52:31.378994Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}