{"doi":"10.1101/2021.05.28.446191","title":"Simple and practical sialoglycan encoding system reveals vast diversity in nature and identifies a universal sialoglycan-recognizing probe derived from AB <sub>5</sub> toxin B subunits","abstract":"Abstract Vertebrate sialic acids (Sias) display much diversity in modifications, linkages and underlying glycans. Slide microarrays allow high-throughput explorations of sialoglycan-protein interactions. A microarray presenting ∼150 structurally-defined sialyltrisaccharides with various Sias linkages and modifications still poses challenges in planning, data sorting, visualization and analysis. To address these issues, we devised a simple 9-digit code for sialyltrisaccharides with terminal Sias and underlying two monosaccharides assigned from the non-reducing end, with three digits assigning a monosaccharide, its modifications, and linkage. Calculations based on the encoding system reveals &gt;113,000 likely linear sialyltrisaccharides in nature. Notably a biantennary N -glycan with two terminal sialyltrisaccharides could thus have &gt;10 10 potential combinations and a triantennary N -glycan with three terminal sequences, &gt;10 15 potential combinations. While all possibilities likely do not exist in nature, sialoglycans encode enormous diversity. While glycomic approaches are used to probe such diverse sialomes, naturally-occurring bacterial AB 5 toxin B subunits are simpler tools to track the dynamic sialome in biological systems. Sialoglycan microarray was utilized to compare sialoglycan-recognizing bacterial toxin B subunits. Unlike the poor correlation between B subunits and species phylogeny, there is stronger correlation with Sia-epitope preferences. Further supporting this pattern, we report a B subunit (YenB) from Yersinia enterocolitica (broad host range) recognizing almost all sialoglycans in the microarray, including 4- O -acetylated-Sias not recognized by a Y. pestis orthologue (YpeB). Differential Sia-binding patterns were also observed with phylogenetically-related B subunits from Escherichia coli (SubB), Salmonella Typhi (PltB), S . Typhimurium (ArtB), extra-intestinal E . coli ( Ec PltB), Vibrio cholera (CtxB), and cholera family homologue of E. coli (EcxB).","journal":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","year":2021,"id":225091,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9532,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":303706,"name":"Naazneen Khan","orcid":"0000-0002-4386-1703","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":814861,"name":"Zahra Khedri","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":106554,"name":"Benjamin P. Kellman","orcid":"0000-0002-0780-6096","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":827242,"name":"Saurabh Srivastava","orcid":"0000-0003-0723-4363","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":814460,"name":"Andrea Verhagen","orcid":"0000-0002-0535-4006","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":313874,"name":"Hai Yu","orcid":"0000-0002-4378-0532","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":827569,"name":"Anders Bech Bruntse","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":822733,"name":"Sandra Diaz","orcid":"0000-0002-6243-8847","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":400412,"name":"Nissi Varki","orcid":"0000-0001-9839-1254","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":826646,"name":"Travis Beddoe","orcid":"0000-0003-4550-2277","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":305070,"name":"Adrienne W. Paton","orcid":"0000-0002-2996-5733","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":305071,"name":"James C. Paton","orcid":"0000-0001-9807-5278","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":313621,"name":"Xi Chen","orcid":"0000-0002-3160-614X","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":106296,"name":"Nathan E. Lewis","orcid":"0000-0001-7700-3654","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":313878,"name":"Ajit Varki","orcid":"0000-0002-2206-975X","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":501537,"name":"Aniruddha Sasmal","orcid":"0000-0001-5446-8192","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":66,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:54:22.889584Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}