{"doi":"10.1101/2021.04.05.438479","title":"SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Elicit Durable Immune Responses in Infant Rhesus Macaques","abstract":"Abstract Early life SARS-CoV-2 vaccination has the potential to provide lifelong protection and achieve herd immunity. To evaluate SARS-CoV-2 infant vaccination, we immunized two groups of 8 infant rhesus macaques (RMs) at weeks 0 and 4 with stabilized prefusion SARS-CoV-2 S-2P spike (S) protein, either encoded by mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNP) or mixed with 3M-052-SE, a TLR7/8 agonist in a squalene emulsion (Protein+3M-052-SE). Neither vaccine induced adverse effects. High magnitude S-binding IgG and neutralizing infectious dose 50 (ID 50 ) &gt;10 3 were elicited by both vaccines. S-specific T cell responses were dominated by IL-17, IFN- γ , or TNF- α . Antibody and cellular responses were stable through week 22. The S-2P mRNA-LNP and Protein-3M-052-SE vaccines are promising pediatric SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates to achieve durable protective immunity. One-Sentence Summary SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are well-tolerated and highly immunogenic in infant rhesus macaques","journal":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","year":2021,"id":218561,"datarank":0.191818334025192,"base_score":1.0986122886681096,"endowment":1.0986122886681096,"self_citation_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citation_network_contribution":0.02702649072497554,"self_endowment_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citer_contribution":0.02702649072497554,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":1,"citers_with_citation_signal":1,"citers_with_endowment":1,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9606,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":444165,"name":"Alan D. Curtis","orcid":"0000-0002-9340-1334","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":444166,"name":"Maria Dennis","orcid":"0000-0003-0833-2635","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":679282,"name":"Sachi Pathak","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":644002,"name":"Hongmei Gao","orcid":"0000-0002-2468-8589","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103755,"name":"David C. Montefiori","orcid":"0000-0003-0856-6319","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":225988,"name":"Mark A. Tomai","orcid":"0000-0002-6362-9151","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":258353,"name":"Christopher B. Fox","orcid":"0000-0002-4644-2619","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":253822,"name":"Pamela A. Kozlowski","orcid":"0000-0001-9906-6234","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":254645,"name":"Trevor Scobey","orcid":"0000-0001-8313-5434","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":355496,"name":"Jennifer E. Munt","orcid":"0000-0002-1169-025X","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":816689,"name":"Michael L. Mallroy","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":611892,"name":"Pooja T. Saha","orcid":"0000-0002-2317-6311","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":130929,"name":"Michael G. Hudgens","orcid":"0000-0002-9106-4194","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":298000,"name":"Lisa C. Lindesmith","orcid":"0000-0001-9567-0522","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5952,"name":"Ralph S. Baric","orcid":"0000-0001-6827-8701","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":87310,"name":"Olubukola M. Abiona","orcid":"0000-0002-2745-1691","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":87311,"name":"Barney S. Graham","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-0853","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":87307,"name":"Kizzmekia S. Corbett","orcid":"0000-0002-2641-4688","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":105569,"name":"Darin K. Edwards","orcid":"0000-0002-2065-2941","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":105615,"name":"Andrea Carfı́","orcid":"0000-0001-5508-3809","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":240903,"name":"Genevieve G. Fouda","orcid":"0000-0002-0960-1019","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":399793,"name":"Koen K. A. Van Rompay","orcid":"0000-0002-7375-1337","position":22,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":444170,"name":"Kristina De Paris","orcid":"0000-0001-5199-3004","position":23,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":240902,"name":"Sallie R. Permar","orcid":"0000-0003-1438-4554","position":24,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":356353,"name":"Carolina Garrido","orcid":"0000-0001-7697-6876","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":58,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:53:29.626149Z","pmid":"33851156","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}