{"doi":"10.1101/2021.01.18.21250068","title":"Immune Markers Are Associated with Cognitive Performance in a Multiethnic Cohort: the Northern Manhattan Study","abstract":"OBJECTIVE To determine whether immune protein panels add significant information to correlates of cognition. BACKGROUND Immune mechanisms in vascular cognitive impairment and dementia are incompletely characterized. DESIGN/METHODS A subsample of the prospective Northern Manhattan Study underwent detailed neuropsychological testing. Cognitive scores were converted into Z-scores and categorized into four domains (memory, language, processing speed, and executive function) based on factor analysis. Blood samples were analyzed using a 60-plex immunoassay. We used least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) procedures to select markers and their interactions independently associated with cognitive scores. Linear regression models assessed cross-sectional associations of known correlates of cognition with cognitive scores, and assessed model fit before and after addition of LASSO-selected immune markers. RESULTS Among 1179 participants (mean age 70±8.9 years, 60% women, 68% Hispanic), inclusion of LASSO-selected immune markers improved model fit above age, education, and other risk factors (p for likelihood ratio test<0.005 for all domains). C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 11 (CCL 11, eotaxin), C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 9 (CXCL9), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and serpin E1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) were associated with each of the domains and with overall cognitive function. Immune marker effects were comparable to conventional risk factors: for executive function, each standard deviation (SD) increase in CCL11 was associated with an effect equivalent to aging three years; for memory, HGF had twice the effect of aging. CONCLUSIONS Immune markers associate with cognitive function in a multi-ethnic cohort. Further work is needed to validate these findings and determine optimal treatment targets.","journal":"medRxiv","year":2021,"id":222978,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8568,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":824571,"name":"Michelle Moon","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":310714,"name":"Tatjana Rundek","orcid":"0000-0002-7115-9815","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295981,"name":"Clinton B. Wright","orcid":"0000-0002-9797-6215","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":824172,"name":"Ken Cheung","orcid":"0000-0001-5199-0102","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":247238,"name":"Ralph L. Sacco","orcid":"0000-0003-4629-684X","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":310254,"name":"Mady Hornig","orcid":"0000-0001-7572-3092","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":98915,"name":"Mitchell S.V. Elkind","orcid":"0000-0003-2562-1156","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":46,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:54:07.287704Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}