{"doi":"10.1101/2020.12.22.423783","title":"Rare coding variants in 35 genes associate with circulating lipid levels – a multi-ancestry analysis of 170,000 exomes","abstract":"Abstract Large-scale gene sequencing studies for complex traits have the potential to identify causal genes with therapeutic implications. We performed gene-based association testing of blood lipid levels with rare (minor allele frequency&lt;1%) predicted damaging coding variation using sequence data from &gt;170,000 individuals from multiple ancestries: 97,493 European, 30,025 South Asian, 16,507 African, 16,440 Hispanic/Latino, 10,420 East Asian, and 1,182 Samoan. We identified 35 genes associated with circulating lipid levels. Ten of these: ALB , SRSF2 , JAK2, CREB3L3 , TMEM136 , VARS , NR1H3 , PLA2G12A , PPARG and STAB1 have not been implicated for lipid levels using rare coding variation in population-based samples. We prioritize 32 genes identified in array-based genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci based on gene-based associations, of which three: EVI5, SH2B3 , and PLIN1 , had no prior evidence of rare coding variant associations. Most of the associated genes showed evidence of association in multiple ancestries. Also, we observed an enrichment of gene-based associations for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol drug target genes, and for genes closest to GWAS index single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Our results demonstrate that gene-based associations can be beneficial for drug target development and provide evidence that the gene closest to the array-based GWAS index SNP is often the functional gene for blood lipid levels.","journal":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","year":2020,"id":120387,"datarank":0.5342526746418609,"base_score":2.4849066497880004,"endowment":2.4849066497880004,"self_citation_contribution":0.37273599746820013,"citation_network_contribution":0.16151667717366078,"self_endowment_contribution":0.37273599746820013,"citer_contribution":0.16151667717366078,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":11,"citer_count":6,"citers_with_citation_signal":5,"citers_with_endowment":5,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8727,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":391597,"name":"Peter Dornbos","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":24654,"name":"Mark Chaffin","orcid":"0000-0002-1234-5562","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":240602,"name":"Dajiang J. 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