{"doi":"10.1101/2020.09.30.20204909","title":"Lineage-specific protection and immune imprinting shape the age distributions of influenza B cases","abstract":"Abstract How a history of influenza virus infections contributes to protection is not fully understood, but such protection might explain the contrasting age distributions of cases of the two lineages of influenza B, B/Victoria and B/Yamagata. Fitting a statistical model to those distributions using surveillance data from New Zealand, we found they could be explained by historical changes in lineage frequencies combined with cross-protection between strains of the same lineage. We found additional protection against B/Yamagata in people for whom it was their first influenza B infection, similar to the immune imprinting observed in influenza A. While the data were not informative about B/Victoria imprinting, B/Yamagata imprinting could explain the fewer B/Yamagata than B/Victoria cases in cohorts born in the 1990s and the bimodal age distribution of B/Yamagata cases. Longitudinal studies can test if these forms of protection inferred from historical data extend to more recent strains and other populations.","journal":"medRxiv","year":2020,"id":121322,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":7,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9559,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":560641,"name":"Celeste M. Donato","orcid":"0000-0001-9262-6550","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":266556,"name":"Philip Arevalo","orcid":"0000-0003-1237-2314","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":130426,"name":"Guus F. Rimmelzwaan","orcid":"0000-0002-1921-4581","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":560642,"name":"Timothy Wood","orcid":"0000-0001-9669-266X","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":560643,"name":"Liza Lopez","orcid":"0009-0007-3679-1421","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":560644,"name":"Q. Sue Huang","orcid":"0000-0002-3923-5195","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":256371,"name":"Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna","orcid":"0000-0003-3293-6279","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255231,"name":"Katia Koelle","orcid":"0000-0002-0254-6141","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109911,"name":"Sarah Cobey","orcid":"0000-0001-5298-8979","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":560640,"name":"Marcos C. Vieira","orcid":"0000-0002-6731-4202","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":67,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:14:42.734024Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}