{"doi":"10.1101/2020.04.24.059964","title":"Closed loop enhancement and neural decoding of human cognitive control","abstract":"Abstract Cognitive control is the ability to withhold a default, prepotent response in favor of a more adaptive choice. Control deficits are common across mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, and addiction. Thus, a method for improving cognitive control could be broadly useful in disorders with few effective treatments. Here, we demonstrate closed-loop enhancement of one aspect of cognitive control by direct brain stimulation in humans. We stimulated internal capsule/striatum in participants undergoing intracranial epilepsy monitoring as they performed a cognitive control/conflict task. Stimulation enhanced performance, with the strongest effects from dorsal capsule/striatum stimulation. We then developed a framework to detect control lapses and stimulate in response. This closed-loop approach produced larger behavioral changes than open-loop stimulation, with a slight improvement in performance change per unit of energy delivered. Finally, we decoded task performance directly from activity on a small number of electrodes, using features compatible with existing closed-loop brain implants. Our findings are proof of concept for a new approach to treating severe mental disorders, based on directly remediating underlying cognitive deficits.","journal":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","year":2020,"id":119543,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":18,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9496,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":336138,"name":"Ali Yousefi","orcid":"0000-0002-2405-9934","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":338077,"name":"Britni Crocker","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":554700,"name":"Rina Zelmann","orcid":"0000-0002-2142-7324","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":407114,"name":"Angelique C. Paulk","orcid":"0000-0002-4413-3417","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":287516,"name":"Noam Peled","orcid":"0000-0002-2327-6478","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":554701,"name":"Kristen K. Ellard","orcid":"0000-0001-7846-9691","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":336139,"name":"Daniel S. Weisholtz","orcid":"0000-0001-6277-4894","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":87173,"name":"G. Rees Cosgrove","orcid":"0000-0002-6220-5752","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":287652,"name":"Thilo Deckersbach","orcid":"0000-0001-7643-0347","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":385007,"name":"Uri T. Eden","orcid":"0000-0002-2058-3691","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":333806,"name":"Emad N. Eskandar","orcid":"0000-0003-4743-2938","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":336140,"name":"Darin D. Dougherty","orcid":"0000-0003-4691-4353","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":227177,"name":"Sydney S. Cash","orcid":"0000-0002-4557-6391","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":274326,"name":"Alik S. Widge","orcid":"0000-0001-8510-341X","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":461460,"name":"Ishita Basu","orcid":"0000-0003-1550-8643","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":81,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:14:08.313144Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}