{"doi":"10.1101/2020.01.14.905794","title":"Investigating the Genetic Architecture of Non-Cognitive Skills Using GWAS-by-Subtraction","abstract":"Abstract Educational attainment (EA) is influenced by cognitive abilities and by other characteristics and traits. However little is known about the genetic architecture of these “non-cognitive” contributions to EA. Here, we use Genomic Structural Equation Modelling and results of prior genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of EA (N = 1,131,881) and cognitive test performance (N = 257,841) to estimate SNP associations with variation in EA that is independent of cognitive ability. We identified 157 genome-wide significant loci and a polygenic architecture accounting for 57% of genetic variance in EA. Phenotypic and biological annotation revealed that (1) both cognitive and non-cognitive contributions to EA were genetically correlated with socioeconomic success and longevity; and (2) non-cognitive contributions to EA were related to personality, decision making, risk-behavior, and increased risk for psychiatric disorders; (3) non-cognitive and cognitive contributions to EA were enriched in the same tissues and cell types, but (4) showed different associations with gray-matter neuroimaging phenotypes.","journal":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","year":2020,"id":118599,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":55,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9265,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":294125,"name":"Margherita Malanchini","orcid":"0000-0002-7257-6119","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":52334,"name":"Travis T. Mallard","orcid":"0000-0002-3265-3001","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282512,"name":"Pietro Biroli","orcid":"0000-0002-5033-4688","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":237841,"name":"Simon R. Cox","orcid":"0000-0003-4036-3642","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":52335,"name":"Andrew D. Grotzinger","orcid":"0000-0001-7852-9244","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":228674,"name":"Elliot M. Tucker–Drob","orcid":"0000-0001-5599-6237","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5193,"name":"Abdel Abdellaoui","orcid":"0000-0003-1088-6784","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":551605,"name":"Louise Arseneault","orcid":"0000-0002-2938-2191","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109915,"name":"Avshalom Caspi","orcid":"0000-0003-0082-4600","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":65837,"name":"David L. Corcoran","orcid":"0000-0001-7460-9247","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":230704,"name":"Benjamin W. Domingue","orcid":"0000-0002-3894-9049","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282955,"name":"Colter Mitchell","orcid":"0000-0001-9560-1199","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":551606,"name":"Elsje van Bergen","orcid":"0000-0002-5860-5745","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5322,"name":"Dorret I. Boomsma","orcid":"0000-0002-7099-7972","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":14686,"name":"Kathleen Mullan Harris","orcid":"0000-0001-9757-1026","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":393566,"name":"Hill F. Ip","orcid":"0000-0003-1991-5019","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":68426,"name":"Terrie E. Moffitt","orcid":"0000-0002-8589-6760","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":37056,"name":"Richie Poulton","orcid":"0000-0002-1052-4583","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":45117,"name":"Joseph A. Prinz","orcid":null,"position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109927,"name":"Karen Sugden","orcid":"0000-0002-4076-5927","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109928,"name":"Jasmin Wertz","orcid":"0000-0002-1332-8617","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109929,"name":"Benjamin Williams","orcid":"0000-0003-3274-5317","position":22,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":551607,"name":"Eveline L. de Zeeuw","orcid":"0000-0001-9042-7419","position":23,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":109249,"name":"Daniel W. Belsky","orcid":"0000-0001-5463-2212","position":24,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":257616,"name":"K. Paige Harden","orcid":"0000-0002-1557-6737","position":25,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5264,"name":"Michel G. Nivard","orcid":"0000-0003-2015-1888","position":26,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":551604,"name":"Perline Demange","orcid":"0000-0002-7061-8354","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":92,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:14:03.409507Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}