{"doi":"10.11002/kjfp.2019.26.4.416","title":"Physicochemical properties and immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides isolated from Styela plicata","abstract":"<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\tThe physicochemical properties and immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides isolated from the sea squirt Styela plicata were investigated. The crude polysaccharide (SP) was further fractionated into an unabsorbed fraction (SF-1) and absorbed fractions (SF-2 and SF3) to isolate polysaccharides with different molecular weights. The major constituents in the crude and fractionated polysaccharides were total carbohydrate (28.03-42.65%), uronic acid (9.88-23.76%), sulfate (18.03-29.25%), and protein (1.48-26.47%). The average molecular weights of the fractionated polysaccharides ranged from 28 to 1,187 kDa. The significant monosaccharide components of the polysaccharides were galactose (27.91-62.21%), glucose (14.79-37.63%), and glucosamine (10.74-28.31%). FT-IR analysis indicates that SP, SF-1, SF-2, and SF-3 were sulfated polysaccharides. SF-1 increased the production of nitric oxide and cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6, in a dose-dependent manner in RAW 264.7 cells. Further, polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was markedly increased. These results indicate that SF-1 can enhance the activation of macrophages and that increasing the molecular weight and the uronic acid and sulfate content of fractionated polysaccharides can enhance their immunomodulatory function.\n\t\t\t</jats:p>","journal":"Korean Journal of Food Preservation","year":2019,"id":631234,"datarank":0.20794415416798362,"base_score":1.3862943611198906,"endowment":1.3862943611198906,"self_citation_contribution":0.20794415416798362,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.20794415416798362,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1635810,"name":"Joo-Heon Hong","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1635808,"name":"Dae-Hoon Lee","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"Physicochemical properties and immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides isolated from Styela plicata","abstract":"<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\tThe physicochemical properties and immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides isolated from the sea squirt Styela plicata were investigated. The crude polysaccharide (SP) was further fractionated into an unabsorbed fraction (SF-1) and absorbed fractions (SF-2 and SF3) to isolate polysaccharides with different molecular weights. The major constituents in the crude and fractionated polysaccharides were total carbohydrate (28.03-42.65%), uronic acid (9.88-23.76%), sulfate (18.03-29.25%), and protein (1.48-26.47%). The average molecular weights of the fractionated polysaccharides ranged from 28 to 1,187 kDa. The significant monosaccharide components of the polysaccharides were galactose (27.91-62.21%), glucose (14.79-37.63%), and glucosamine (10.74-28.31%). FT-IR analysis indicates that SP, SF-1, SF-2, and SF-3 were sulfated polysaccharides. SF-1 increased the production of nitric oxide and cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6, in a dose-dependent manner in RAW 264.7 cells. Further, polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was markedly increased. These results indicate that SF-1 can enhance the activation of macrophages and that increasing the molecular weight and the uronic acid and sulfate content of fractionated polysaccharides can enhance their immunomodulatory function.\n\t\t\t</jats:p>","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":1.3862943611198906,"endowment":1.3862943611198906,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"19767382","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2968968065","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":0.2387,"citation_percentile":0.58154909,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2021,"count":1},{"year":2024,"count":2}],"oa_status":"gold","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"http://www.ekosfop.or.kr/download/download_pdf?pid=kjfp-26-4-416","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"http://www.ekosfop.or.kr/download/download_pdf?pid=kjfp-26-4-416","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"http://www.ekosfop.or.kr/download/download_pdf?doi=10.11002/kjfp.2019.26.4.416","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2019.26.4.416","host_type":"journal"}],"fields_of_study":["Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds","Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls","Echinoderm biology and ecology"],"mesh_terms":[],"keywords":["Polysaccharide","Uronic acid","Chemistry","Monosaccharide","Glucuronic acid","Glucosamine","Biochemistry","Galactose","Molecular mass","Chromatography","Enzyme"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Life below water"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-05T23:08:05.247456Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}