{"doi":"10.1098/rstb.2023.0093","title":"Mechanisms of brain self-regulation: psychological factors, mechanistic models and neural substrates","abstract":"While neurofeedback represents a promising tool for neuroscience and a brain self-regulation approach to psychological rehabilitation, the field faces several problems and challenges. Current research has shown great variability and even failure among human participants in learning to self-regulate target features of brain activity with neurofeedback. A better understanding of cognitive mechanisms, psychological factors and neural substrates underlying self-regulation might help improve neurofeedback's scientific and clinical practices. This article reviews the current understanding of the neural mechanisms of brain self-regulation by drawing on findings from human and animal studies in neurofeedback, brain-computer/machine interfaces and neuroprosthetics. In this article, we look closer at the following topics: cognitive processes and psychophysiological factors affecting self-regulation, theoretical models and neural substrates underlying self-regulation, and finally, we provide an outlook on the outstanding gaps in knowledge and technical challenges. This article is part of the theme issue 'Neurofeedback: new territories and neurocognitive mechanisms of endogenous neuromodulation'.","journal":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences","year":2024,"id":439226,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":10,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9607,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1249863,"name":"Andrea Sánchez‐Corzo","orcid":"0000-0003-4042-7036","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1249864,"name":"Gabriela Vargas","orcid":"0000-0003-2294-5913","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":347768,"name":"Aurelio Cortese","orcid":"0000-0003-4567-0924","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":990930,"name":"Wael El‐Deredy","orcid":"0000-0002-9822-1092","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":250702,"name":"Andrew Jackson","orcid":"0000-0001-8701-6387","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":704866,"name":"Eberhard E. Fetz","orcid":"0000-0002-5767-9531","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1249862,"name":"Ranganatha Sitaram","orcid":"0000-0002-8577-8035","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":120,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:00:47.992543Z","pmid":"39428875","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}