{"doi":"10.1098/rsos.250860","title":"Delineating connectivity and quality of peer–peer pre-pubescent rhesus macaque ( <i>Macaca mulatta</i> ) relationships, by examining coupled social behaviours","abstract":"Infant experiences have lifetime implications for individuals’ social competence. Therefore, lifelong trajectories can be informed by a nuanced understanding of who developing individuals connect with (i.e. connectivity) and how invested they are in those connections (i.e. quality). Though simple in premise, the practice of examining social connectivity and quality relies on a nuanced understanding of how individuals temporally shift their behavioural repertoire within, or across, partners. We measured peer–peer relationships throughout the first 3 years of life among 49 rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ) in large outdoor-housed mixed-sex home groups. We recorded five social behaviours and built multiplex temporal networks. We examined the auto- and cross-correlations of these behaviours using a multivariate multiple response time series model to understand the behavioural dynamics of relationship connectivity and quality. We demonstrate known principles of relationship formation driven by pre-pubescents’ and peer partners’ traits (i.e. rank, sex, age, kinship). Coupled dynamics suggest that proximity was broadly associated with social dynamics (including aggression), while contact was associated with prosocial dynamics (excluding aggression). Directed behaviours were less associated with each other. These results highlight the dynamic nature of social development across multiple behaviours, underscoring how early social choices shape the formation, stability and maintenance of relationships.","journal":"Royal Society Open Science","year":2025,"id":535119,"datarank":0.16479184330021646,"base_score":1.0986122886681096,"endowment":1.0986122886681096,"self_citation_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9527,"is_data_producer":true,"deposit_databanks":{"figshare":["10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8088009"]},"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1418256,"name":"Tyler R. Bonnell","orcid":"0000-0001-6041-5177","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1293375,"name":"Bidisha Chakraborty","orcid":"0000-0003-2458-0647","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1265824,"name":"Rosemary Blersch","orcid":"0000-0002-9636-0013","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":403113,"name":"Brenda McCowan","orcid":"0000-0002-2278-418X","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":496231,"name":"Jessica J. Vandeleest","orcid":"0000-0001-7880-0700","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1105138,"name":"Alexander J. Pritchard","orcid":"0000-0003-4922-3347","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":44,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:51:52.019261Z","pmid":"41127802","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}