{"doi":"10.1098/rsif.2021.0464","title":"Lymph node swelling combined with temporary effector T cell retention aids T cell response in a model of adaptive immunity","abstract":"Abstract Swelling of lymph nodes is commonly observed during the adaptive immune response, yet the impact on T cell trafficking and subsequent immune response is not well known. To better understand the effect of macro-scale alterations, we developed an agent-based model of the lymph node para-cortex, describing T cell trafficking and response to antigen-presenting dendritic cells alongside swelling-induced changes in T cell recruitment and egress, and regulation of expression of egress-modulating T cell receptor Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1. Analysis of effector T cell response under varying swelling conditions showed that swelling consistently aided T cell activation. However, subsequent effector CD8 + T cell production could be reduced if swelling occurred too early in the T cell proliferative phase or if T cell cognate frequency was low due to increased opportunity for T cell exit. Temporarily extending retention of newly differentiated effector T cells, mediated by Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 expression, mitigated any negative effects of swelling by allowing facilitation of activation to outweigh increased access to exit areas. These results suggest targeting temporary effector T cell retention and egress associated with swelling may offer new ways to modulate effector TC responses in, for example, immuno-suppressed patients and optimisation of vaccine design.","journal":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","year":2021,"id":209681,"datarank":0.19465450112068403,"base_score":1.0986122886681096,"endowment":1.0986122886681096,"self_citation_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citation_network_contribution":0.02986265782046758,"self_endowment_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citer_contribution":0.02986265782046758,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":2,"citers_with_citation_signal":1,"citers_with_endowment":1,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9578,"is_data_producer":true,"deposit_databanks":{"figshare":["10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5712986"]},"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":797359,"name":"Jennifer Frattolin","orcid":"0000-0002-9820-0232","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":797360,"name":"Lowell T. Edgar","orcid":"0000-0002-8586-1605","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":323173,"name":"Mohammad Jafarnejad","orcid":"0000-0002-1550-0011","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":528357,"name":"James E. Moore","orcid":"0000-0003-1604-158X","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":528353,"name":"Sarah C. Johnson","orcid":"0000-0002-0174-6483","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":94,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:52:05.171356Z","pmid":"34847790","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}