{"doi":"10.1093/sleep/zsad273","title":"Restless legs syndrome, neuroleptic-induced akathisia, and opioid-withdrawal restlessness: shared neuronal mechanisms?","abstract":"Restlessness is a core symptom underlying restless legs syndrome (RLS), neuroleptic-induced akathisia, and opioid withdrawal. These three conditions also share other clinical components suggesting some overlap in their pathophysiology. Recent prospective studies demonstrate the frequent incidence of RLS-like symptoms during opioid withdrawal and supervised prescription opioid tapering. Based on the therapeutic role of µ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists in the three clinical conditions and recent preclinical experimental data in rodents, we provide a coherent and unifying neurobiological basis for the restlessness observed in these three clinical syndromes and propose a heuristic hypothesis of a key role of the specific striatal neurons that express MORs in akathisia/restlessness.","journal":"SLEEP","year":2023,"id":351850,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":9,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9557,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":923859,"name":"John W. Winkelman","orcid":"0000-0003-1673-5418","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":666967,"name":"Diego Garcı́a-Borreguero","orcid":"0000-0003-1083-9654","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":657438,"name":"Annabelle M. Belcher","orcid":"0000-0003-4194-0181","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1097401,"name":"Joy Chang","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":430831,"name":"Christopher J. Earley","orcid":"0000-0003-4526-7967","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":290984,"name":"Sergi Ferré","orcid":"0000-0002-1747-1779","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":55,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:12:45.897709Z","pmid":"37864837","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}