{"doi":"10.1093/sleep/zsaa271","title":"Immunization with a heat-killed bacterium, <i>Mycobacterium vaccae</i> NCTC 11659, prevents the development of cortical hyperarousal and a PTSD-like sleep phenotype after sleep disruption and acute stress in mice","abstract":"STUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep deprivation induces systemic inflammation that may contribute to stress vulnerability and other pathologies. We tested the hypothesis that immunization with heat-killed Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659 (MV), an environmental bacterium with immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, prevents the negative impacts of 5 days of sleep disruption on stress-induced changes in sleep, behavior, and physiology in mice. METHODS: In a 2 × 2 × 2 experimental design, male C57BL/6N mice were given injections of either MV or vehicle on days -17, -10, and -3. On days 1-5, mice were exposed to intermittent sleep disruption, whereby sleep was disrupted for 20 h per day. Immediately following sleep disruption, mice were exposed to 1-h social defeat stress or novel cage (control) conditions. Object location memory (OLM) testing was conducted 24 h after social defeat, and tissues were collected 6 days later to measure inflammatory markers. Sleep was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) throughout the experiment. RESULTS: In vehicle-treated mice, only the combination of sleep disruption followed by social defeat (double hit): (1) increased brief arousals and NREM beta (15-30 Hz) EEG power in sleep immediately post-social defeat compared to baseline; (2) induced an increase in the proportion of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and number of state shifts for at least 5 days post-social defeat; and (3) induced hyperlocomotion and lack of habituation in the OLM task. Immunization with MV prevented most of these sleep and behavioral changes. CONCLUSIONS: Immunization with MV ameliorates a stress-induced sleep and behavioral phenotype that shares features with human posttraumatic stress disorder.","journal":"SLEEP","year":2020,"id":72311,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":16,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9603,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":382276,"name":"Sophie Lambert","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":283795,"name":"Shannon He","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282806,"name":"Christopher A. Lowry","orcid":"0000-0003-3920-5575","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282807,"name":"Monika Fleshner","orcid":"0000-0002-0470-0827","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282805,"name":"Kenneth P. Wright","orcid":"0000-0002-1781-7469","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282808,"name":"Fred W. Turek","orcid":"0000-0002-4031-4229","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":227782,"name":"Martha Hotz Vitaterna","orcid":"0000-0001-6243-2093","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":282803,"name":"Samuel J. Bowers","orcid":"0000-0002-4821-699X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":84,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T21:44:45.622639Z","pmid":"33283862","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}