{"doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofad608","title":"Innate and Adaptive Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to a COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine in Young Children","abstract":"Background: There is little information on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in children. We studied adaptive and innate CMI in vaccinated children aged 6 to 60 months. Methods: Blood obtained from participants in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of an mRNA vaccine before and 1 month after the first dose was used for antibody measurements and CMI (flow cytometry). Results: We enrolled 29 children with a mean age of 28.5 months (SD, 15.7). Antibody studies revealed that 10 participants were infected with SARS-CoV-2 prevaccination. Ex vivo stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides showed significant increases pre- to postimmunization of activated conventional CD4+ and γδ T cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and conventional dendritic cells but not mucosa-associated innate T cells. Conventional T-cell, monocyte, and conventional dendritic cell responses in children were higher immediately after vaccination than after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The fold increase in CMI pre- to postvaccination did not differ between children previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and those uninfected. Conclusions: Children aged 6 to 60 months who were vaccinated with a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine developed robust CMI responses, including adaptive and innate immunity.","journal":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","year":2023,"id":378112,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8893,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":499018,"name":"Michael Johnson","orcid":"0000-0002-9276-466X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1122048,"name":"Krystle Garth","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":231988,"name":"Elena W.Y. Hsieh","orcid":"0000-0003-3969-6597","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":351178,"name":"Ross M. Kedl","orcid":"0000-0002-9065-7895","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":103766,"name":"Daniela Weiskopf","orcid":"0000-0003-2968-7371","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1142073,"name":"Mattie Cassaday","orcid":"0009-0002-0920-7254","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1142074,"name":"Cody Rester","orcid":"0000-0002-0452-2223","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1069695,"name":"Berenice Cabrera-Martinez","orcid":"0009-0000-2919-2729","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":558538,"name":"Ryan M. Baxter","orcid":"0000-0002-2235-6193","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":375856,"name":"Myron J. Levin","orcid":"0000-0002-7468-106X","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":376082,"name":"Adriana Weinberg","orcid":"0000-0001-6920-0623","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":50,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:16:44.708019Z","pmid":"38107018","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}