{"doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofac101","title":"Characteristics and Risk Factors for Mortality by Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Waves in Fulton County, Georgia: A Cohort Study March 2020–February 2021","abstract":"Background: We examined differences in mortality among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in the first, second, and third waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 cases in Fulton County, Georgia, USA, reported to a public health surveillance from March 2020 through February 2021. We estimated case-fatality rates (CFR) by wave and used Cox proportional hazards random-effects models in each wave, with random effects at individual and long-term-care-facility level, to determine risk factors associated with rates of mortality. Results: Of 75 289 confirmed cases, 4490 (6%) were diagnosed in wave 1 (CFR 31 deaths/100 000 person days [pd]), 24 293 (32%) in wave 2 (CFR 7 deaths/100 000 pd), and 46 506 (62%) in wave 3 (CFR 9 deaths/100 000 pd). Compared with females, males were more likely to die in each wave: wave 1 (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-1.8), wave 2 (aHR 1.5, 95% CI, 1.2-1.8), and wave 3 (aHR 1.7, 95% CI, 1.5-2.0). Compared with non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks were more likely to die in each wave: wave 1 (aHR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.8), wave 2 (aHR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-1.9), and wave 3 (aHR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4-2.0). Cases with any disability, chronic renal disease, and cardiovascular disease were more likely to die in each wave compared with those without these comorbidities. Conclusions: Our study found gender and racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality and certain comorbidities associated with COVID-19 mortality. These factors have persisted throughout the COVID-19 pandemic waves, despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment.","journal":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","year":2022,"id":283228,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":6,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.756,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":555747,"name":"Sasha Smith","orcid":"0000-0001-9843-5368","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":308895,"name":"Neel R. Gandhi","orcid":"0000-0002-1665-299X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":385372,"name":"Udodirim Onwubiko","orcid":"0000-0001-8223-5716","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":561634,"name":"Carson Telford","orcid":"0000-0002-2778-2597","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":562393,"name":"Juliana Prieto","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":376650,"name":"Allison T. Chamberlain","orcid":"0000-0001-6009-537X","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":556613,"name":"Shamimul Khan","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":316803,"name":"Steven Williams","orcid":"0000-0003-4299-1941","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":556612,"name":"Fazle Khan","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":252286,"name":"Nirav Shah","orcid":"0000-0002-9107-7788","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":959643,"name":"Nathaniel Chishinga","orcid":"0000-0002-7623-0713","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":15,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:29:23.777809Z","pmid":"35360195","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}