{"doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofab586","title":"Delay in the Effect of Restricting Community Mobility on the Spread of COVID-19 During the First Wave in the United States","abstract":"BACKGROUND: It remains unclear how changes in human mobility shaped the transmission dynamic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during its first wave in the United States. METHODS: By coupling a Bayesian hierarchical spatiotemporal model with reported case data and Google mobility data at the county level, we found that changes in movement were associated with notable changes in reported COVID-19 incidence rates about 5 to 7 weeks later. RESULTS: Among all movement types, residential stay was the most influential driver of COVID-19 incidence rate, with a 10% increase 7 weeks ago reducing the disease incidence rate by 13% (95% credible interval, 6%-20%). A 10% increase in movement from home to workplaces, retail and recreation stores, public transit, grocery stores, and pharmacies 7 weeks ago was associated with an increase of 5%-8% in the COVID-10 incidence rate. In contrast, parks-related movement showed minimal impact. CONCLUSIONS: Policy-makers should anticipate such a delay when planning intervention strategies restricting human movement.","journal":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","year":2021,"id":193510,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":11,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9543,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":761945,"name":"Jooyoung Lee","orcid":"0000-0002-3246-5246","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":131777,"name":"Benjamin Langworthy","orcid":"0000-0001-6735-3853","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":454734,"name":"Junyi Xin","orcid":"0000-0001-6677-3936","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":242719,"name":"Peter James","orcid":"0000-0002-2858-1973","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":226413,"name":"Yang Yang","orcid":"0000-0003-0428-5480","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":131778,"name":"Molin Wang","orcid":"0000-0003-1951-8961","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":761944,"name":"Shan He","orcid":"0000-0002-5767-8993","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":31,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:49:51.300073Z","pmid":"34988255","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}