{"doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofaa496","title":"Microbial Translocation in the Context of Hepatitis B Infection and Hepatitis D Infection","abstract":"Abstract Background Increased microbial translocation (MT) into the systemic circulation is associated with liver disease progression. MT has yet to be completely defined in chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and chronic hepatitis D (HDV). Aim To characterize MT and associated immune response in chronic HBV and HDV at various stages of disease. Methods Serum from 53 HBV, 43 HDV, and 36 healthy control (HC) subjects was obtained. Subjects were categorized by aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index into mild (<0.5), moderate, and severe (>1.0) disease. Cytokines, microbial products, and microbial DNA levels were assessed in a single treatment-naïve time point for each patient. Next-generation sequencing identified bacterial species present within patient sera. Results HBV and HDV subjects display higher serum concentrations of gram-negative (G-) bacterial lipopolysaccharide and fungal beta-glucan compared to HC (all p<0.01). Gram-positive (G+) bacterial peptidoglycan is higher in HBV compared to HDV and HC (both p<0.0001). Within both disease cohorts, peptidoglycan correlates with IL-1b, IL-8, IL-12p70, and IL-13 (all spearman-r>0.45, p<0.05). Next-generation sequencing from seven subjects with detectable serum bacterial DNA revealed changes in abundance of bacterial taxa and a higher proportion of gram-positive genera in severe disease. Greater G+/G- taxa ratio is associated with higher cytokine levels and disease markers. Conclusions HBV and HDV patients display increased translocation of bacterial and fungal products into serum. Increased proportion of gram-positive genera is associated with disease progression. Correlations of peptidoglycan with anti-microbial cytokines suggests particular microbial classes may contribute to systemic inflammation and possibly disease progression.","journal":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","year":2020,"id":111313,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":5,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9513,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":529284,"name":"Grace Y. Zhang","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":355655,"name":"Rabab Ali","orcid":"0000-0001-6222-338X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":291913,"name":"Pallavi Surana","orcid":"0000-0002-6695-9826","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":528596,"name":"Marian Firke","orcid":"0000-0002-3950-8771","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":529285,"name":"Mi Sun Moon","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":528597,"name":"Ma Ai Thanda Han","orcid":"0000-0002-2740-2486","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":528598,"name":"Meital Gewirtz","orcid":"0000-0002-8033-6107","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":528599,"name":"James A. Haddad","orcid":"0000-0003-4525-4007","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":225662,"name":"David E. Kleiner","orcid":"0000-0003-3442-4453","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255441,"name":"Christopher Koh","orcid":"0000-0002-4755-5607","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":334105,"name":"Theo Heller","orcid":"0000-0002-2643-6289","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":526577,"name":"Elizabeth C. Townsend","orcid":"0000-0003-3102-8033","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":44,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:13:05.597252Z","pmid":"35559125","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}