{"doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntac080","title":"Tobacco Use and Respiratory Symptoms Among Adults: Findings From the Longitudinal Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study 2014–2016","abstract":"INTRODUCTION: We examined the relationship between current tobacco use and functionally important respiratory symptoms. METHODS: Longitudinal cohort study of 16 295 US adults without COPD in Waves 2-3 (W2-3, 2014-2016) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Exposure-Ten mutually exclusive categories of tobacco use including single product, multiple product, former, and never use (reference). Outcome-Seven questions assessing wheezing/cough were summed to create a respiratory symptom index; cutoffs of ≥2 and ≥3 were associated with functional limitations and poorer health. Multivariable regressions examined both cutoffs cross-sectionally and change over approximately 12 months, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: All tobacco use categories featuring cigarettes (>2/3's of users) were associated with higher risk (vs. never users) for functionally important respiratory symptoms at W2, for example, at symptom severity ≥ 3, risk ratio for exclusive cigarette use was 2.34 [95% CI, 1.92, 2.85] and for worsening symptoms at W3 was 2.80 [2.08, 3.76]. There was largely no increased symptom risk for exclusive use of cigars, smokeless tobacco, hookah, or e-cigarettes (adjustment for pack-years and marijuana attenuated the cross-sectional e-cigarette association from 1.53(95% CI 0.98, 2.40) to 1.05 (0.67, 1.63); RRs for these products were also significantly lower compared to exclusive use of cigarettes. The longitudinal e-cigarette-respiratory symptom association was sensitive to the respiratory index cutoff level; exclusive e-cigarette use was associated with worsening symptoms at an index cutoff ≥ 2 (RR = 1.63 [1.02, 2.59]) and with symptom improvement at an index cutoff of ≥ 3 (RR = 1.64 [1.04, 2.58]). CONCLUSIONS: Past and current cigarette smoking drove functionally important respiratory symptoms, while exclusive use of other tobacco products was largely not associated. However, the relationship between e-cigarette use and symptoms was sensitive to adjustment for pack-years and symptom severity. IMPLICATIONS: How noncigarette tobacco products affect respiratory symptoms is not clear; some studies implicate e-cigarettes. We examined functionally important respiratory symptoms (wheezing/nighttime cough) among US adults without COPD. The majority of adult tobacco users smoke cigarettes and have higher risk of respiratory symptoms and worsening of symptoms, regardless of other products used with them. Exclusive use of other tobacco products (e-cigarettes, cigars, smokeless, hookah) was largely not associated with functionally important respiratory symptoms and risks associated with their use was significantly lower than for cigarettes. The association for e-cigarettes was greatly attenuated by adjustment for cigarette pack-years and sensitive to how symptoms were defined.","journal":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","year":2022,"id":240934,"datarank":1.5177162599546092,"base_score":3.784189633918261,"endowment":3.784189633918261,"self_citation_contribution":0.5676284450877392,"citation_network_contribution":0.95008781486687,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5676284450877392,"citer_contribution":0.95008781486687,"corpus_percentile":86.33093525179856,"corpus_rank":1768,"citation_count":43,"citer_count":32,"citers_with_citation_signal":22,"citers_with_endowment":22,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.5211,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":54.1667,"fair_percentile":68.66401712014674,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":292400,"name":"Michael J. Halenar","orcid":"0000-0002-8703-3811","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":292396,"name":"Kathryn C. Edwards","orcid":"0000-0002-0645-1705","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":439033,"name":"Steven Woloshin","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":234965,"name":"Lisa Schwartz","orcid":"0000-0002-4959-225X","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":348315,"name":"Jennifer A. Emond","orcid":"0000-0001-8684-7330","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":727484,"name":"Susanne E. Tanski","orcid":"0000-0001-5077-8337","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":292401,"name":"Kristie Taylor","orcid":"0000-0001-6668-7923","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":270083,"name":"John P. Pierce","orcid":"0000-0002-0075-7471","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":547160,"name":"Jason Liu","orcid":"0000-0002-1864-8281","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":304696,"name":"Maciej Ł. Goniewicz","orcid":"0000-0001-6748-3068","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":320568,"name":"Raymond Niaura","orcid":"0000-0002-0856-3540","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":312728,"name":"Gabriella M. Anic","orcid":null,"position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":727485,"name":"Yanling Chen","orcid":"0000-0003-2603-1182","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":387996,"name":"Priscilla Callahan-Lyon","orcid":"0000-0003-4076-9247","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":292404,"name":"Lisa D Gardner","orcid":"0000-0003-3340-2818","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":728049,"name":"Theresa Thekkudan","orcid":null,"position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":293730,"name":"Nicolette Borek","orcid":null,"position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":292406,"name":"Heather L. Kimmel","orcid":"0000-0001-8278-0095","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":304693,"name":"K. Michael Cummings","orcid":"0000-0002-7103-7017","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":292407,"name":"Andrew Hyland","orcid":"0009-0009-6318-9932","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":592378,"name":"Mary F. Brunette","orcid":"0000-0002-0713-8745","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":240004,"name":"James D. Sargent","orcid":"0000-0002-8213-8868","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":51,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:22:51.435773Z","pmid":"35366322","pmcid":"PMC9575972","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":72.2222,"fair_a":50.0,"fair_i":0.0,"fair_r":33.3333,"fair_zscore":0.7804,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":54.17,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":72.22,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36231.v21","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper gives a DOI for the dataset it used, which is a persistent identifier. 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[majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy (NOT-OD-14-124) — controlled-access via a Data Access Committee","RDA-A1.2-01D — 'Data is accessible through an access protocol that supports authentication and ","NIH DMS Policy Element 5 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Access, Distribution, or Reuse Considerations (conse"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","label":"Availability timing & retention","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No sentence in the paper states when the data become available or how long they persist. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["NIH DMS Plan Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Data Preservation, Access, and Associated Timelines","NSTC Desirable Characteristics (2022), Organizational Infrastructure: 'Retention Policy'","RDA-A2-01M — 'Metadata is guaranteed to remain available after data is no longer available'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"I":{"name":"Interoperable","score":0.0,"criteria":[{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","label":"Open file format","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No file-format token of any kind is named for the released data.","anchors":["FsF-R1.3-02D — F-UJI: 'Data is available in a file format recommended by the target research co","RDA-R1.3-02D — data is expressed in a machine-understandable community standard","RDA-I1-01D — data uses a knowledge representation expressed in a standardised format"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No data or metadata community standard (e.g., MIAME, FAIRsharing-registered) is named for the data. [majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1.3-01M — 'Metadata complies with a community standard' (priority Essential)","RDA-R1.3-01D — 'Data complies with a community standard'","RDA-I2-01M — '(Meta)data use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"i_qualified_references","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No identifier for a non-own resource (e.g., another dataset, database, code) is given. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-I3-01M — '(meta)data include references to other (meta)data'","RDA-I3-03M — 'metadata includes qualified references to other metadata'","FsF-I3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes links between the data and its related entities'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":33.33,"criteria":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","label":"Reuse licence","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No licence or terms document is named for the data; the article's CC BY-NC-ND licence applies to the paper, not the data.","anchors":["RDA-R1.1-01M — 'Metadata includes information about the licence under which the data can be reu","RDA-R1.1-02M — 'Metadata refers to a standard reuse licence'","RDA-R1.1-03M — 'Metadata refers to a machine-understandable reuse licence'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","label":"Provenance of the data","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"The PATH Study utilized the seven wheezing/cough questions from the International Study of Allergies and Asthma in Childhood (ISAAC) core wheezing module","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names the ISAAC questionnaire as the instrument used to produce the data. 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[majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","dimension":"A","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","action":"Route sensitive data through an institutional gatekeeper — deposit in a controlled- access repository (dbGaP, EGA) with a Data Access Committee and a published DUA — rather than through the corresponding author's inbox. An author-gated dataset dies with the author's email address, and 'on reasonable request' has been shown repeatedly not to yield data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper does not name a gatekeeper for its own data. [majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"i_qualified_references","dimension":"I","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","action":"Cite by identifier every resource the data depend on — the source datasets' accessions, the reference build (GRCh38 / GCA_000001405.28), the cohort application number, the code DOI — and register those relations on the dataset record (IsDerivedFrom, IsSupplementTo). A name is not a link: it cannot be resolved, versioned, or followed by a machine.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No identifier for a non-own resource (e.g., another dataset, database, code) is given. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No sentence in the paper states when the data become available or how long they persist. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","Remove the precondition or justify it. Release the data at publication with no embargo, no registration wall, and no approval step — NIH's zero-embargo public- access rule (NOT-OD-25-101) has already made 'available at publication' the federal baseline for the article; the data should not lag behind it.","Release the data in an open, community-standard format (CSV/TSV, JSON, HDF5, NetCDF, FASTQ, VCF, NIfTI…) instead of — or alongside — any proprietary or instrument-native format, and name the format in the paper. A dataset that needs a €2,000 licence to open is not reusable.","Publish the analysis code in a public forge, archive a tagged release with a DOI (Zenodo/Software Heritage), and cite that DOI in the paper. NIH DMS Element 2 asks for the tools and code, not only the data — and 'available on request' is not a locator.","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"epmc_xml"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"epmc_xml","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T11:24:18.225961Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}