{"doi":"10.1093/nar/gky1075","title":"ChEMBL: towards direct deposition of bioassay data","abstract":"ChEMBL is a large, open-access bioactivity database (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl), previously described in the 2012, 2014 and 2017 Nucleic Acids Research Database Issues. In the last two years, several important improvements have been made to the database and are described here. These include more robust capture and representation of assay details; a new data deposition system, allowing updating of data sets and deposition of supplementary data; and a completely redesigned web interface, with enhanced search and filtering capabilities.","journal":"Nucleic Acids Research","year":2018,"id":8751,"datarank":8.04833640671659,"base_score":7.806289289267033,"endowment":7.806289289267033,"self_citation_contribution":1.170943393390055,"citation_network_contribution":6.877393013326535,"self_endowment_contribution":1.170943393390055,"citer_contribution":6.877393013326535,"corpus_percentile":97.9887058095459,"corpus_rank":261,"citation_count":2455,"citer_count":100,"citers_with_citation_signal":100,"citers_with_endowment":100,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9508,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2018-11-06","fair_score":87.5,"fair_percentile":99.41913787832468,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":75386,"name":"Anna Gaulton","orcid":"0000-0003-2634-7400","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75387,"name":"A. Patrícia Bento","orcid":"0000-0003-1424-480X","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75388,"name":"Jon Chambers","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75389,"name":"Marleen De Veij","orcid":"0000-0003-2587-8752","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75390,"name":"Eloy Félix","orcid":"0000-0002-5512-6810","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75391,"name":"María Paula Magariños","orcid":"0000-0003-2769-4105","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75392,"name":"Juan F Mosquera","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75393,"name":"Prudence Mutowo","orcid":"0000-0002-4646-4172","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75394,"name":"Michał Nowotka","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75395,"name":"María Gordillo-Marañón","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":34541,"name":"Fiona Hunter","orcid":"0000-0001-7160-1880","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75396,"name":"Laura Junco","orcid":null,"position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75397,"name":"Grace Mugumbate","orcid":"0000-0002-2829-9425","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75398,"name":"Milagros Rodriguez-Lopez","orcid":null,"position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75399,"name":"Francis Atkinson","orcid":"0000-0003-4688-959X","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75400,"name":"Nicolas Bosc","orcid":"0000-0003-3562-1328","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75401,"name":"Chris J. Radoux","orcid":"0000-0002-7903-7310","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75402,"name":"Aldo Segura-Cabrera","orcid":null,"position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75403,"name":"Anne Hersey","orcid":"0000-0003-4679-6211","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75404,"name":"Andrew R. Leach","orcid":"0000-0001-8178-0253","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75405,"name":"David Méndez","orcid":"0000-0002-0294-5484","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75406,"name":"María Gordillo‐Marañón","orcid":"0000-0003-2993-6577","position":22,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75407,"name":"M. Rodríguez-López","orcid":"0000-0002-5691-3971","position":23,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75408,"name":"Aldo Segura‐Cabrera","orcid":"0000-0003-3044-8028","position":24,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":75385,"name":"David Mendez","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":26,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-03-01T18:20:47.508186Z","pmid":"30398643","pmcid":"PMC6323927","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":"gold","license":"cc-by","views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":50.0,"fair_a":75.0,"fair_i":100.0,"fair_r":83.3333,"fair_zscore":2.0998,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":87.5,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":50.0,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"ChEMBL is a large, open-access bioactivity database ( https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl )","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper gives a web URL, not a persistent identifier scheme like a DOI. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"ChEMBL is a large, open-access bioactivity database","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names ChEMBL, a known data repository, as the holder of the data. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-F4-01M — FAIR Data Maturity Model: metadata is offered so it can be harvested and indexed (","NIH DMS Policy Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — name the repository where data will be archived","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Long-Term Sustainability', 'Reten"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","label":"Data-availability statement","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"The ChEMBL database is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 ).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The statement points to the license, not to a repository record with an accession. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["Colavizza, Hrynaszkiewicz, Staden, Whitaker & McGillivray (2020), 'The citation advantage of li","Springer Nature research data policy — Data Availability Statements: standard statement templat","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper describes the database content in prose but does not provide an itemised inventory (section, table, or list) of files, records, or variables for a specific dataset. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-F2-01M — 'Rich metadata is provided to allow discovery' (priority Essential)","FsF-F2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes descriptive core elements to support data findability'","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","label":"Dataset formally cited","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"ChEMBL is a large, open-access bioactivity database ( https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl )","grounded":true,"rationale":"The identifier appears only in the body text, not in the reference list. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["FORCE11 Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles (2014) — data should be cited as a first-","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes","FsF-F3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes the identifier of the data it describes'"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]},"A":{"name":"Accessible","score":75.0,"criteria":[{"key":"a_data_openly_accessible","label":"Access route free of preconditions","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"The ChEMBL database is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 ).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper states the data is available under an open license with no stated precondition, indicating unconditional access. [majority verdict 'yes' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-A1.1-01D — 'Data is accessible through a free access protocol'","FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Free and Easy Access'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","label":"Access level labelled","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"The ChEMBL database is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 ).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper explicitly labels the access level of the data by stating the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. [majority verdict 'yes' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","RDA-A1-01M — metadata contains information to enable the user to get access to the data","COAR Controlled Vocabularies — Access Rights v1.0 (open / embargoed / restricted / metadata-onl"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper does not address sensitive or human-subject data, and no gatekeeper is named for the ChEMBL data.","anchors":["NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy (NOT-OD-14-124) — controlled-access via a Data Access Committee","RDA-A1.2-01D — 'Data is accessible through an access protocol that supports authentication and ","NIH DMS Policy Element 5 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Access, Distribution, or Reuse Considerations (conse"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","label":"Availability timing & retention","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper does not mention any retention period, permanent archival, or when the data become available beyond the current availability. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["NIH DMS Plan Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Data Preservation, Access, and Associated Timelines","NSTC Desirable Characteristics (2022), Organizational Infrastructure: 'Retention Policy'","RDA-A2-01M — 'Metadata is guaranteed to remain available after data is no longer available'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"I":{"name":"Interoperable","score":100.0,"criteria":[{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","label":"Open file format","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"Oracle, MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, RDF ( 26 ), an SD file of compound structures and a FASTA file of the target sequences.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper lists open, community-standard formats (RDF, SD file, FASTA, SQLite) among the available download formats for the ChEMBL data. [majority verdict 'yes' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["FsF-R1.3-02D — F-UJI: 'Data is available in a file format recommended by the target research co","RDA-R1.3-02D — data is expressed in a machine-understandable community standard","RDA-I1-01D — data uses a knowledge representation expressed in a standardised format"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"assay descriptions are mapped to controlled vocabularies such as the Cell Line Ontology ( 18 ), Uberon ( 19 ) and BioAssay Ontology ( 20 )","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names community-standard vocabularies (Cell Line Ontology, Uberon, BioAssay Ontology) used for the data. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1.3-01M — 'Metadata complies with a community standard' (priority Essential)","RDA-R1.3-01D — 'Data complies with a community standard'","RDA-I2-01M — '(Meta)data use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"i_qualified_references","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"this target is also recorded in the form of a UniProt ( 15 ) accession, or list of accessions.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper includes UniProt accessions as identifiers for external protein resources. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-I3-01M — '(meta)data include references to other (meta)data'","RDA-I3-03M — 'metadata includes qualified references to other metadata'","FsF-I3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes links between the data and its related entities'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":83.33,"criteria":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","label":"Reuse licence","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"The ChEMBL database is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 ).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper explicitly names the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, which is an open standard reuse license. [majority verdict 'yes' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1.1-01M — 'Metadata includes information about the licence under which the data can be reu","RDA-R1.1-02M — 'Metadata refers to a standard reuse licence'","RDA-R1.1-03M — 'Metadata refers to a machine-understandable reuse licence'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","label":"Provenance of the data","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"the majority of the properties (MW_FREEBASE, ALOGP, HBA, HBD, PSA, RTB, QED_WEIGHTED, FULL_MWT, AROMATIC_RINGS, HEAVY_ATOMS, MW_MONOISOTOPIC, FULL_MOLFORMULA, HBA_LIPINSKI and HBD_LIPINSKI) are now being calculated using RDKit ( https://www.rdkit.org , 2018), with ACD_MOST_APKA, ACD_MOST_BPKA, ACD_LOGP, ACD_LOGD and MOLECULAR_SPECIES still calculated with ACD/Labs software.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names specific tools (RDKit, ACD/Labs) and their versions used to calculate properties, providing provenance for data generation. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1.2-01M — 'Metadata includes provenance information according to community- specific standa","FsF-R1.2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes provenance information about data creation or generati","W3C PROV-O (W3C Recommendation, 2013) — the entity/activity/agent model of provenance"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","label":"Documentation / codebook","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No documentation object (README, data dictionary, codebook) is named as accompanying the data; the paper itself serves as description. [majority verdict 'no' (2/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1-01M — '(Meta)data are richly described with a plurality of accurate and relevant attribu","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'","NIH DMS Policy Element 3 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Standards (documentation and metadata to accompany t"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_versioning","label":"Snapshot identified","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"Release 24 of the ChEMBL database contains bioactivity information","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper identifies the data snapshot as 'Release 24'. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — the 'Version' property","RDA-R1.2-01M — provenance information (which version was used is provenance)","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Provenance', 'Retention Policy'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"x_code_availability","label":"Analysis code available","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"The ChEMBL web services are open source, available from the ChEMBL GitHub repository ( https://github.com/chembl/ ) and are licensed under an Apache 2 license.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper gives a machine-resolvable URL (GitHub) for the code. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["NIH DMS Policy Element 2 (NOT-OD-21-014) — 'Related Tools, Software and/or Code'","FAIR4RS Principles v1.0 (Chue Hong et al., 2022; RDA/FORCE11/ReSA) — FAIR Principles for Resear","FORCE11 Software Citation Principles (Smith, Katz & Niemeyer, 2016, PeerJ CS 2:e86)"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"x_funding_attribution","label":"Funder and award number","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"Strategic Award from the Wellcome Trust [WT104104/Z/14/Z]; Member States of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); National Institutes of Health (NIH) Common Fund under award number [U54CA189205]; European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) [602156]; Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking [115002]; Open Targets.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper provides specific grant numbers (WT104104/Z/14/Z, U54CA189205, etc.) and funder names for the work. [majority verdict 'yes' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — 'FundingReference' property (funderName, funderIdentifier, award","Crossref Funder Registry — canonical funder identifiers for funding metadata","RDA-F2-01M — rich metadata provided to allow discovery (funding is part of the descriptive reco"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]}},"actions":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","dimension":"F","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","action":"Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For genomics / sequencing data, deposit in GEO (GSE accession), SRA (SRP/SRR) or ENA/BioProject (PRJEB/PRJNA).","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"ChEMBL is a large, open-access bioactivity database ( https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl )","why":"The paper gives a web URL, not a persistent identifier scheme like a DOI. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":8.33,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","dimension":"F","label":"Dataset formally cited","action":"Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the genomics / sequencing repository accession (e.g. from GEO (GSE accession), SRA (SRP/SRR) or ENA/BioProject (PRJEB/PRJNA)) in the reference list.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"ChEMBL is a large, open-access bioactivity database ( https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl )","why":"The identifier appears only in the body text, not in the reference list. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":4.17,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","dimension":"F","label":"Data-availability statement","action":"Replace the statement with the repository template: name the repository and give the accession or DOI (Colavizza category 3). This is the only DAS class associated with a measured citation advantage; 'available on reasonable request' and 'within the article' are not.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"The ChEMBL database is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 ).","why":"The statement points to the license, not to a repository record with an accession. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"essential","scored":false},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","dimension":"F","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","action":"Add a 'Data Records' section: itemise every file in the deposit and every variable or sample it holds, with counts and units. Describe the dataset as an object in its own right, not as a by-product of the findings — this is what makes it discoverable to someone who is not looking for your paper.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper describes the database content in prose but does not provide an itemised inventory (section, table, or list) of files, records, or variables for a specific dataset. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"essential","scored":false},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","dimension":"R","label":"Documentation / codebook","action":"Ship a README and a data dictionary IN the deposit — every file, every variable, its units, its allowed values, its missing-value codes. It is the cheapest single thing that makes a dataset usable by someone who was not in the lab, and a table buried in the article does not travel with the data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No documentation object (README, data dictionary, codebook) is named as accompanying the data; the paper itself serves as description. [majority verdict 'no' (2/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","dimension":"A","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","action":"Route sensitive data through an institutional gatekeeper — deposit in a controlled- access repository (dbGaP, EGA) with a Data Access Committee and a published DUA — rather than through the corresponding author's inbox. An author-gated dataset dies with the author's email address, and 'on reasonable request' has been shown repeatedly not to yield data. For sensitive/human genomics / sequencing data, use a controlled-access repository such as dbGaP or EGA.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper does not address sensitive or human-subject data, and no gatekeeper is named for the ChEMBL data.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper does not mention any retention period, permanent archival, or when the data become available beyond the current availability. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For genomics / sequencing data, deposit in GEO (GSE accession), SRA (SRP/SRR) or ENA/BioProject (PRJEB/PRJNA).","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the genomics / sequencing repository accession (e.g. from GEO (GSE accession), SRA (SRP/SRR) or ENA/BioProject (PRJEB/PRJNA)) in the reference list.","Replace the statement with the repository template: name the repository and give the accession or DOI (Colavizza category 3). This is the only DAS class associated with a measured citation advantage; 'available on reasonable request' and 'within the article' are not.","Add a 'Data Records' section: itemise every file in the deposit and every variable or sample it holds, with counts and units. Describe the dataset as an object in its own right, not as a by-product of the findings — this is what makes it discoverable to someone who is not looking for your paper.","Ship a README and a data dictionary IN the deposit — every file, every variable, its units, its allowed values, its missing-value codes. It is the cheapest single thing that makes a dataset usable by someone who was not in the lab, and a table buried in the article does not travel with the data."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"epmc_xml"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"epmc_xml","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T10:45:55.898765Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}