{"doi":"10.1093/nar/gkae1070","title":"The NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog: standards for reusability, sustainability and diversity","abstract":"The NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog serves as a vital resource for the genetic research community, providing access to the most comprehensive database of human GWAS results. Currently, it contains close to 7 000 publications for >15 000 traits, from which more than 625 000 lead associations have been curated. Additionally, 85 000 full genome-wide summary statistics datasets-containing association data for all variants in the analysis-are available for downstream analyses such as meta-analysis, fine-mapping, Mendelian randomisation or development of polygenic risk scores. As a centralised repository for GWAS results, the GWAS Catalog sets and implements standards for data submission and harmonisation, and encourages the use of consistent descriptors for traits, samples and methodologies. We share processes and vocabulary with the PGS Catalog, improving interoperability for a growing user group. Here, we describe the latest changes in data content, improvements in our user interface, and the implementation of the GWAS-SSF standard format for summary statistics. We address the challenges of handling the rapid increase in large-scale molecular quantitative trait GWAS and the need for sensitivity in the use of population and cohort descriptors while maintaining data interoperability and reusability.","journal":"Nucleic Acids Research","year":2024,"id":416092,"datarank":2.779430822071191,"base_score":5.8998973535824915,"endowment":5.8998973535824915,"self_citation_contribution":0.8849846030373738,"citation_network_contribution":1.8944462190338174,"self_endowment_contribution":0.8849846030373738,"citer_contribution":1.8944462190338174,"corpus_percentile":92.21010288543359,"corpus_rank":1008,"citation_count":364,"citer_count":100,"citers_with_citation_signal":100,"citers_with_endowment":100,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9505,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":83.3333,"fair_percentile":98.86884744726383,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":88403,"name":"Elliot Sollis","orcid":"0000-0003-1322-388X","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":838683,"name":"Yue Ji","orcid":"0000-0001-9844-7297","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":667589,"name":"Elizabeth Lewis","orcid":"0000-0002-1142-1359","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":838680,"name":"Ala Abid","orcid":"0000-0002-6633-6434","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1198935,"name":"Karatuğ Ozan Bircan","orcid":"0000-0003-0079-6144","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":88409,"name":"Peggy Hall","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":88398,"name":"James Hayhurst","orcid":"0000-0002-7460-403X","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":838684,"name":"Sajo John","orcid":"0000-0003-3029-0857","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":838679,"name":"Abayomi Mosaku","orcid":"0000-0002-5783-9662","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":838685,"name":"Santhi Ramachandran","orcid":"0000-0002-2376-0614","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1198936,"name":"Amy Foreman","orcid":"0000-0002-5742-5048","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":838682,"name":"Arwa Ibrahim","orcid":"0000-0001-6757-4744","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1019900,"name":"James Alastair McLaughlin","orcid":"0000-0002-8361-2795","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":95748,"name":"Zoë May Pendlington","orcid":"0000-0002-4071-8397","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":95757,"name":"Ray Stefancsik","orcid":"0000-0001-8314-2140","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":551616,"name":"Samuel A. Lambert","orcid":"0000-0001-8222-008X","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":88400,"name":"Aoife McMahon","orcid":"0000-0003-0978-0309","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":88401,"name":"Joannella Morales","orcid":"0000-0002-8121-9797","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":15622,"name":"Thomas Keane","orcid":"0000-0001-7532-6898","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":33743,"name":"Michael Inouye","orcid":"0000-0001-9413-6520","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":2833,"name":"Helen Parkinson","orcid":"0000-0003-3035-4195","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":88397,"name":"Laura W. Harris","orcid":"0000-0003-4312-7223","position":22,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":62189,"name":"María Cerezo","orcid":"0000-0003-3073-1130","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":41,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:56:20.964471Z","pmid":"39530240","pmcid":"PMC11701593","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":61.1111,"fair_a":68.75,"fair_i":100.0,"fair_r":91.6667,"fair_zscore":1.9349,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":83.33,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":61.11,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"Curated data are available from the query interface ( https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/ ) and download files from https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/downloads .","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper gives a web address as the data location, which is not a PID-scheme string, so the verdict is partial. [majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"The NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog serves as a vital resource for the genetic research community","grounded":true,"rationale":"The GWAS Catalog is a named repository listed in re3data, so the holder is a repository. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-F4-01M — FAIR Data Maturity Model: metadata is offered so it can be harvested and indexed (","NIH DMS Policy Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — name the repository where data will be archived","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Long-Term Sustainability', 'Reten"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","label":"Data-availability statement","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"Curated data are available from the query interface ( https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/ ) and download files from https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/downloads .","grounded":true,"rationale":"The statement points to a repository record (the GWAS Catalog website and download pages). [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["Colavizza, Hrynaszkiewicz, Staden, Whitaker & McGillivray (2020), 'The citation advantage of li","Springer Nature research data policy — Data Availability Statements: standard statement templat","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":"currently, it contains close to 7 000 publications for >15 000 traits, from which more than 625 000 lead associations have been curated. Additionally, 85 000 full genome-wide summary statistics datasets","grounded":false,"rationale":"The dataset's content and size are described in running prose, not in an itemised inventory, so the verdict is partial. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","anchors":["RDA-F2-01M — 'Rich metadata is provided to allow discovery' (priority Essential)","FsF-F2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes descriptive core elements to support data findability'","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","label":"Dataset formally cited","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"The NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog ( www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas ) includes all human GWA studies","grounded":true,"rationale":"The dataset identifier appears only in body text, not as a reference-list entry, so the verdict is partial. [majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["FORCE11 Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles (2014) — data should be cited as a first-","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes","FsF-F3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes the identifier of the data it describes'"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]},"A":{"name":"Accessible","score":68.75,"criteria":[{"key":"a_data_openly_accessible","label":"Access route free of preconditions","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"Curated data are available from the query interface ( https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/ ) and download files from https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/downloads .","grounded":true,"rationale":"The text gives a route to the data with no stated precondition, so the data are openly accessible. [majority verdict 'yes' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-A1.1-01D — 'Data is accessible through a free access protocol'","FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Free and Easy Access'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","label":"Access level labelled","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"GWAS summary statistics submitted after March 2021 are made available under CC0 terms","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper states the data are made available under CC0 terms, which is a license, not an explicit access-level label from the standard vocabulary, so the verdict is partial. [majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","RDA-A1-01M — metadata contains information to enable the user to get access to the data","COAR Controlled Vocabularies — Access Rights v1.0 (open / embargoed / restricted / metadata-onl"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The data are not sensitive and no gatekeeper is named; the paper does not address controlled access for sensitive data.","anchors":["NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy (NOT-OD-14-124) — controlled-access via a Data Access Committee","RDA-A1.2-01D — 'Data is accessible through an access protocol that supports authentication and ","NIH DMS Policy Element 5 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Access, Distribution, or Reuse Considerations (conse"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","label":"Availability timing & retention","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"Curated data are available from the query interface ( https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/ )","grounded":true,"rationale":"The text states that the data are available now but says nothing about how long they will persist. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["NIH DMS Plan Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Data Preservation, Access, and Associated Timelines","NSTC Desirable Characteristics (2022), Organizational Infrastructure: 'Retention Policy'","RDA-A2-01M — 'Metadata is guaranteed to remain available after data is no longer available'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"I":{"name":"Interoperable","score":100.0,"criteria":[{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","label":"Open file format","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"The GWAS summary statistics format (GWAS-SSF) standard was finalised and implemented in the GWAS Catalog in April 2023","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names an open, community-standard format (GWAS-SSF) for the data, so the verdict is yes. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["FsF-R1.3-02D — F-UJI: 'Data is available in a file format recommended by the target research co","RDA-R1.3-02D — data is expressed in a machine-understandable community standard","RDA-I1-01D — data uses a knowledge representation expressed in a standardised format"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"Trait information is mapped to terms from the Experimental Factor Ontology (EFO)","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names a community data standard (EFO) applied to the data, so the verdict is yes.","anchors":["RDA-R1.3-01M — 'Metadata complies with a community standard' (priority Essential)","RDA-R1.3-01D — 'Data complies with a community standard'","RDA-I2-01M — '(Meta)data use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"i_qualified_references","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"genomic position data is reported against GRCh38","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper gives an identifier (GRCh38) for the reference genome build used, qualifying as a non-own resource identifier. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-I3-01M — '(meta)data include references to other (meta)data'","RDA-I3-03M — 'metadata includes qualified references to other metadata'","FsF-I3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes links between the data and its related entities'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":91.67,"criteria":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","label":"Reuse licence","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"GWAS summary statistics submitted after March 2021 are made available under CC0 terms","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper states an open standard license (CC0) for the data, so the verdict is yes.","anchors":["RDA-R1.1-01M — 'Metadata includes information about the licence under which the data can be reu","RDA-R1.1-02M — 'Metadata refers to a standard reuse licence'","RDA-R1.1-03M — 'Metadata refers to a machine-understandable reuse licence'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","label":"Provenance of the data","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"use of an efficient Python library - pysam, integrating Nextflow as a workflow manager","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper names specific tools and software (pysam, Nextflow) used to produce the data, so the verdict is yes. [majority verdict 'yes' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1.2-01M — 'Metadata includes provenance information according to community- specific standa","FsF-R1.2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes provenance information about data creation or generati","W3C PROV-O (W3C Recommendation, 2013) — the entity/activity/agent model of provenance"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","label":"Documentation / codebook","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"Summary statistics metadata defined in the GWAS-SSF standard are presented alongside the data file in .yaml format designed to be both human and computer-readable.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper states that metadata YAML files accompany the data, so a documentation object is shipped with the data. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1-01M — '(Meta)data are richly described with a plurality of accurate and relevant attribu","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'","NIH DMS Policy Element 3 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Standards (documentation and metadata to accompany t"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_versioning","label":"Snapshot identified","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"as of 1 July 2024","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper uses a date to pin the snapshot of the data, but no version token, so the verdict is partial. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — the 'Version' property","RDA-R1.2-01M — provenance information (which version was used is provenance)","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Provenance', 'Retention Policy'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"x_code_availability","label":"Analysis code available","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"code is available in the project's github repository ( https://github.com/EBISPOT/goci ) and Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13941165","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper gives a machine-resolvable locator (GitHub URL and Zenodo DOI) for the code, so the verdict is yes. [majority verdict 'yes' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["NIH DMS Policy Element 2 (NOT-OD-21-014) — 'Related Tools, Software and/or Code'","FAIR4RS Principles v1.0 (Chue Hong et al., 2022; RDA/FORCE11/ReSA) — FAIR Principles for Resear","FORCE11 Software Citation Principles (Smith, Katz & Niemeyer, 2016, PeerJ CS 2:e86)"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"x_funding_attribution","label":"Funder and award number","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health [1U24HG012542-01; ‘Phenomics First’ [RM1 HG010860]","grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper provides specific award/grant numbers attached to named funders, so the verdict is yes. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — 'FundingReference' property (funderName, funderIdentifier, award","Crossref Funder Registry — canonical funder identifiers for funding metadata","RDA-F2-01M — rich metadata provided to allow discovery (funding is part of the descriptive reco"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]}},"actions":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","dimension":"F","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","action":"Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"Curated data are available from the query interface ( https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/ ) and download files from https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/downloads .","why":"The paper gives a web address as the data location, which is not a PID-scheme string, so the verdict is partial. [majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":8.33,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","dimension":"F","label":"Dataset formally cited","action":"Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the clinical / human-subjects repository accession (e.g. from dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA)) in the reference list.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"The NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog ( www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas ) includes all human GWA studies","why":"The dataset identifier appears only in body text, not as a reference-list entry, so the verdict is partial. [majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":4.17,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"r_versioning","dimension":"R","label":"Snapshot identified","action":"Version the deposit and cite the exact version analysed (a version-specific DOI, or an accession with its version suffix). A reader reproducing your work against 'the current release' is reproducing it against a different dataset.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"as of 1 July 2024","why":"The paper uses a date to pin the snapshot of the data, but no version token, so the verdict is partial. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":2.08,"priority":"useful","scored":true},{"key":"x_funding_attribution","dimension":"R","label":"Funder and award number","action":"State the funder AND the award number in the paper, and put them in the dataset's FundingReference metadata. A funder name alone cannot be linked back to the award, so the funding provenance of the data is lost the moment the paper is indexed.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health [1U24HG012542-01; ‘Phenomics First’ [RM1 HG010860]","why":"The paper provides specific award/grant numbers attached to named funders, so the verdict is yes. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":2.08,"priority":"useful","scored":true},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","dimension":"F","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","action":"Add a 'Data Records' section: itemise every file in the deposit and every variable or sample it holds, with counts and units. Describe the dataset as an object in its own right, not as a by-product of the findings — this is what makes it discoverable to someone who is not looking for your paper.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":"currently, it contains close to 7 000 publications for >15 000 traits, from which more than 625 000 lead associations have been curated. Additionally, 85 000 full genome-wide summary statistics datasets","why":"The dataset's content and size are described in running prose, not in an itemised inventory, so the verdict is partial. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper]","gain":0.0,"priority":"essential","scored":false},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","dimension":"A","label":"Access level labelled","action":"State the access level in words, using the standard vocabulary: 'These data are open access' / 'These data are controlled access'. A reader — and a harvester — should not have to infer the access level from the presence of a download link.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"GWAS summary statistics submitted after March 2021 are made available under CC0 terms","why":"The paper states the data are made available under CC0 terms, which is a license, not an explicit access-level label from the standard vocabulary, so the verdict is partial. [majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","dimension":"A","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","action":"Route sensitive data through an institutional gatekeeper — deposit in a controlled- access repository (dbGaP, EGA) with a Data Access Committee and a published DUA — rather than through the corresponding author's inbox. An author-gated dataset dies with the author's email address, and 'on reasonable request' has been shown repeatedly not to yield data. For sensitive/human clinical / human-subjects data, use a controlled-access repository such as dbGaP or EGA.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The data are not sensitive and no gatekeeper is named; the paper does not address controlled access for sensitive data.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"Curated data are available from the query interface ( https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/ )","why":"The text states that the data are available now but says nothing about how long they will persist. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For clinical / human-subjects data, deposit in dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA).","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the clinical / human-subjects repository accession (e.g. from dbGaP or the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA)) in the reference list.","Version the deposit and cite the exact version analysed (a version-specific DOI, or an accession with its version suffix). A reader reproducing your work against 'the current release' is reproducing it against a different dataset.","State the funder AND the award number in the paper, and put them in the dataset's FundingReference metadata. A funder name alone cannot be linked back to the award, so the funding provenance of the data is lost the moment the paper is indexed.","Add a 'Data Records' section: itemise every file in the deposit and every variable or sample it holds, with counts and units. Describe the dataset as an object in its own right, not as a by-product of the findings — this is what makes it discoverable to someone who is not looking for your paper."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"epmc_xml"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"epmc_xml","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T10:50:41.366054Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}