{"doi":"10.1093/jxb/eraf519","title":"Cell layer-specific cell wall modification is associated with exo-mesocarp split in pistachio ( <i>Pistacia vera</i> L.)","abstract":"Pistachio (Pistacia vera) is a drought- and salinity-tolerant perennial whose fruit features a fleshy exo-mesocarp, or 'hull', that protects the kernel. Hull development and degradation are key to kernel quality, yet the anatomy and mechanisms driving hull breakdown during late-stage development remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the hull contains anatomically distinct layers of hypodermal parenchyma and filler parenchyma. Using a combination of transcriptome analyses and immunohistochemistry, we show that changes in pectin-associated gene expression and modification of this polysaccharide are involved in hull cell size increase, loss of cell-cell adhesion, and hull softening. Anatomical analysis shows that filler parenchyma expands during late-stage hull development while hypodermal parenchyma remains constant in size. Field data suggest that irrigation and humidity affect pistachio hull split, implicating a role for water status in cell expansion. In summary, the complex interplay between molecular, cellular, and environmental changes suggests that cell layer-specific modifications of the cell wall are linked to exo-mesocarp splitting, forming a model for understanding the mechanism of fruit split during ripening in non-berry fruit crops.","journal":"Journal of Experimental Botany","year":2025,"id":583830,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":0,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9626,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":517342,"name":"Minmin Wang","orcid":"0000-0001-9545-7895","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1496363,"name":"Shaina Eagle","orcid":"0009-0001-7037-5532","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1496364,"name":"Alisa Chernikova","orcid":"0009-0002-8341-9319","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1496762,"name":"Kaleigh Marie Bedell","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1496365,"name":"Phuong Tran","orcid":"0009-0001-4449-9216","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1435209,"name":"Chaehee Lee","orcid":"0000-0003-3214-2997","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1496366,"name":"Jaclyn A. Adaskaveg","orcid":"0000-0002-3408-5984","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1496367,"name":"Yiduo Wei","orcid":"0009-0005-3643-5086","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1496763,"name":"Rolando López","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1496368,"name":"Annamarie Basco","orcid":"0009-0008-4018-2853","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1496369,"name":"Phoebe E. Gordon","orcid":"0000-0003-2389-1144","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1496370,"name":"Barbara Blanco‐Ulate","orcid":"0000-0002-8819-9207","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":839724,"name":"J. Grey Monroe","orcid":"0000-0002-4025-5572","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":517346,"name":"Georgia Drakakaki","orcid":"0000-0002-3949-8657","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1496362,"name":"Shuxiao Zhang","orcid":"0000-0002-0975-0962","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":66,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:59:07.970345Z","pmid":"41327884","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}