{"doi":"10.1093/jpids/piac119","title":"SARS-CoV-2 Screening Testing Programs for Safe In-person Learning in K–12 Schools","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) screening testing is a recommended mitigation strategy for schools, although few descriptions of program implementation are available. METHODS: Kindergarten through 12th grade (K-12) students and staff practicing universal masking during the delta and omicron variant waves from five schools in Durham, North Carolina and eight schools in Kansas City, Missouri participated; Durham's program was structured as a public health initiative facilitated by school staff, and Kansas City's as a research study facilitated by a research team. Tests included school-based rapid antigen or polymerase chain reaction testing, at-home rapid antigen testing, and off-site nucleic acid amplification testing. RESULTS: We performed nearly 5700 screening tests on more than 1600 K-12 school students and staff members. The total cost for the Durham testing program in 5 public charter K-12 schools, each with 500-1000 students, was $246 587 and approximately 752 h per semester; cost per test was $70 and cost per positive result was $7076. The total cost for the Kansas City program in eight public K-12 schools was $292 591 and required approximately 537 h in personnel time for school-based testing; cost per test was $132 and cost per positive result was $4818. SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates were generally lower (0-16.16%) than rates in the community (2.7-36.47%) throughout all testing weeks. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Voluntary screening testing programs in K-12 schools are costly and rarely detect asymptomatic positive persons, particularly in universally masked settings. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04831866.","journal":"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society","year":2022,"id":276030,"datarank":0.4276852387203512,"base_score":2.302585092994046,"endowment":2.302585092994046,"self_citation_contribution":0.3453877639491069,"citation_network_contribution":0.08229747477124429,"self_endowment_contribution":0.3453877639491069,"citer_contribution":0.08229747477124429,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":9,"citer_count":4,"citers_with_citation_signal":2,"citers_with_endowment":2,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9572,"is_data_producer":true,"deposit_databanks":{"ClinicalTrials.gov":["NCT04831866"]},"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":319873,"name":"Kanecia O. Zimmerman","orcid":"0000-0003-3748-6932","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":301924,"name":"Jennifer L. Goldman","orcid":"0000-0001-6628-8949","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":921737,"name":"Dana Keener Mast","orcid":"0000-0002-7575-6043","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":791335,"name":"Ashley Blakemore","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":709065,"name":"Ganga S. Moorthy","orcid":"0000-0003-3191-1117","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":621139,"name":"Angelique E Boutzoukas","orcid":"0000-0002-9477-1492","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":907858,"name":"Melissa M. Campbell","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":798060,"name":"Diya M. Uthappa","orcid":"0000-0003-2233-2295","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":503279,"name":"Jesse DeLaRosa","orcid":"0000-0001-7800-2119","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":431073,"name":"Jessica M. Potts","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":667693,"name":"Laura Edwards","orcid":"0000-0003-1579-2074","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":236965,"name":"Rangaraj Selvarangan","orcid":"0000-0003-3275-6657","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":326442,"name":"Daniel K. Benjamin","orcid":"0000-0002-0764-8585","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":907355,"name":"Tara K. Mann","orcid":"0000-0003-3721-5200","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":236972,"name":"Jennifer E. Schuster","orcid":"0000-0001-6365-566X","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":709064,"name":"Ibukunoluwa C. Kalu","orcid":"0000-0002-0839-568X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":37,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:28:26.545826Z","pmid":"36412278","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}