{"doi":"10.1093/jnci/djs320","title":"An Epidemiological and Molecular Study of the Relationship Between Smoking, Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, and Epstein–Barr Virus Activation","abstract":null,"journal":"JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute","year":2012,"id":637169,"datarank":0.8048964022532777,"base_score":5.365976015021851,"endowment":5.365976015021851,"self_citation_contribution":0.8048964022532777,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.8048964022532777,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":213,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1654237,"name":"Dan Xiong","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1654238,"name":"Ya-Fei Xu","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1654239,"name":"Su-Mei Cao","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1654241,"name":"Wen-Qiong Xue","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1654243,"name":"Hai-De Qin","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1654244,"name":"Wen-Sheng Liu","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1654246,"name":"Jing-Yan Cao","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":832049,"name":"Ying Zhang","orcid":"0000-0003-2194-7116","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1654247,"name":"Qi-Sheng Feng","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1654248,"name":"Li-Zhen Chen","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1654249,"name":"Man-Zhi Li","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1654250,"name":"Zhi-Wei Liu","orcid":null,"position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1111644,"name":"Qing Liu","orcid":"0000-0002-3931-1442","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1654253,"name":"Ming-Huang Hong","orcid":null,"position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":556290,"name":"Yin Yao Shugart","orcid":"0000-0001-7487-4294","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1654254,"name":"Yi-Xin Zeng","orcid":null,"position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1654255,"name":"Mu-Sheng Zeng","orcid":null,"position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1654257,"name":"Wei-Hua Jia","orcid":null,"position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1654236,"name":"Feng-Hua Xu","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"resolved":true,"title":"An Epidemiological and Molecular Study of the Relationship Between Smoking, Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, and Epstein–Barr Virus Activation","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Elevated levels of antibodies against antigens in the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic phase are important predictive markers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) risk. Several lifestyle factors, including smoking, have also been associated with NPC risk. We hypothesized that some specific lifestyle factors induce transformation of EBV from the latent to the lytic stage and contribute to NPC occurrence. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study using data from male case patients (n = 1316) and control subjects (n = 1571) living in Guangdong Province, an area in China at high risk for NPC, to study potential NPC risk factors and EBV inducers. Two independent healthy male populations from a second high-risk area (n = 1657) and a low-risk area (n = 1961) were also included in the analysis of potential EBV inducers using logistic regression models. In vitro assays were performed to investigate the effect of cigarette smoke extract on EBV activation in two EBV-positive cell lines. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Smoking was associated with an increased risk of NPC among the Guangdong participants with 20-40 and 40 or more pack-years vs never smokers (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.22 to 1.88 and OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.34 to 2.32, respectively; P (trend) < .001). Smoking was the only factor linked to EBV seropositivity among the expanded control group and the independent low-risk population. In vitro experiments showed that cigarette smoke extract promoted EBV replication, induced the expression of the immediate-early transcriptional activators Zta and Rta, and increased transcriptional expression levels of BFRF3 and gp350 in the lytic phase. CONCLUSION: Smoking is not only associated with NPC risk in individuals from China but is also associated with EBV seropositivity in healthy males and is involved in EBV activation.","is_dataset_classified":null,"base_score":5.365976015021851,"endowment":5.365976015021851,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"22972969","pmcid":null,"openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2117098946","authors":[],"funders":[],"total_grants":0,"fwci":5.1179,"citation_percentile":0.9645492,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2012,"count":1},{"year":2013,"count":8},{"year":2014,"count":7},{"year":2015,"count":18},{"year":2016,"count":16},{"year":2017,"count":15},{"year":2018,"count":15},{"year":2019,"count":13},{"year":2020,"count":17},{"year":2021,"count":40},{"year":2022,"count":13},{"year":2023,"count":24},{"year":2024,"count":8},{"year":2025,"count":14},{"year":2026,"count":3}],"oa_status":"closed","license":null,"oa_locations":[{"url":"http://academic.oup.com/jnci/article-pdf/104/18/1396/17311792/djs320.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djs320","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22972969","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/djs320v1","host_type":"repository"}],"fields_of_study":["Viral-associated cancers and disorders","Head and Neck Cancer Studies","Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis"],"mesh_terms":["Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma","Adult","Aged","Antibodies, Viral","Carcinoma","China","Dose-Response Relationship, Drug","Herpesvirus 4, Human","Feeding Behavior","Flow Cytometry","Fluorescent Antibody Technique","Humans","Immunoglobulin A","Luciferases","Male","Middle Aged","Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms","Plasmids","Risk Factors","Smoking","Transfection","Virus Activation","Trans-Activators","Gene Expression Regulation, Viral","Incidence","Logistic Models","Odds Ratio","Case-Control Studies","Immediate-Early Proteins","Epstein-Barr Virus Infections","Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction","Asian People","Cell Line, Tumor"],"keywords":["Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","Lytic cycle","Epstein–Barr virus","Virus","Epidemiology","Virology","Antigen","Antibody","Immunology","Medicine","Herpesviridae","Epstein–Barr virus infection","Gammaherpesvirinae","Oncology","Biology","Internal medicine","Viral disease"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":0,"sdg_label":"Good health and well-being"}],"linked_datasets":[],"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"database_accessions":[],"source":"live","citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-08-06T18:27:12.092366Z","pmid":null,"pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}