{"doi":"10.1093/jmp/jhad009","title":"Preclinical Disease or Risk Factor? Alzheimer’s Disease as a Case Study of Changing Conceptualizations of Disease","abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) provides an excellent case study to investigate emerging conceptions of health, disease, pre-disease, and risk. Two scientific working groups have recently reconceptualized AD and created a new category of asymptomatic biomarker positive persons, who are either said to have preclinical AD, or to be at risk for AD. This article examines how prominent theories of health and disease would classify this condition: healthy or diseased? Next, the notion of being “at risk”—a state somewhere in-between health and disease—is considered from various angles. It is concluded that medical-scientific developments urge us to let go of dichotomous ways of understanding disease, that the notion of “risk,” conceptualized as an increased chance of getting a symptomatic disease, might be a useful addition to our conceptual framework, and that we should pay more attention to the practical usefulness and implications of the ways in which we draw lines and define concepts.</jats:p>","journal":"The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine","year":2023,"id":14327,"datarank":1.0179802444598434,"base_score":3.2188758248682006,"endowment":3.2188758248682006,"self_citation_contribution":0.48283137373023016,"citation_network_contribution":0.5351488707296133,"self_endowment_contribution":0.48283137373023016,"citer_contribution":0.5351488707296133,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":24,"citer_count":20,"citers_with_citation_signal":16,"citers_with_endowment":16,"datacite_reuse_total":2,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":null,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":null,"fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":113700,"name":"Maartje H N Schermer","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":false}],"reference_count":0,"raw_metadata":{"has_enrichment":true,"base_score":3.2188758248682006,"endowment":3.2188758248682006,"datacite_reuse_total":2,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"views":0,"has_version_chain":false,"is_dataset":false,"is_oa":false,"pmid":"37202835","pmcid":"PMC10281385","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4377093630","authors":[],"funders":[{"funder_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","grant_id":"731010012","title":null},{"funder_name":"Dutch Research Council","grant_id":"406.18.FT.002","title":"Health and disease as practical concepts: a pragmatist approach to conceptualization of health and disease."}],"total_grants":2,"fwci":60.8704,"citation_percentile":0.99853387,"influential_citations":0,"citation_trend":[{"year":2023,"count":2},{"year":2024,"count":12},{"year":2025,"count":10}],"oa_status":"hybrid","license":"cc-by","oa_locations":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article-pdf/48/4/322/50656958/jhad009.pdf","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article-pdf/48/4/322/50656958/jhad009.pdf","host_type":"HYBRID"},{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/jmp/article-pdf/48/4/322/50656958/jhad009.pdf","host_type":"publisher"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhad009","host_type":"journal"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37202835","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10281385","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://pure.eur.nl/en/publications/036e844f-8071-43ec-9c2d-7d9905532251","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10281385/pdf/jhad009.pdf","host_type":"repository"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10281385","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10281385?pdf=render","host_type":"Europe_PMC"},{"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhad009","host_type":""}],"fields_of_study":["Mental Health and Psychiatry","Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","Alzheimer's disease research and treatments","Medicine","Psychology","Humans","Alzheimer Disease","Concept Formation","Biomarkers","Risk Factors"],"mesh_terms":["Alzheimer Disease","Concept Formation","Humans","Risk Factors","Biomarkers"],"keywords":["Disease","Risk factor","Psychology","Asymptomatic","Medicine","Pathology","Biomarker","Pragmatic Approach","Alzheimer’s","Disease Definition","Alzheimer Disease","Risk Factors","Concept Formation","Humans","Articles","Biomarkers"],"sdg_mappings":[{"sdg_number":3,"sdg_label":"3. 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