{"doi":"10.1093/jhered/esab003","title":"A Reference Genome Assembly of American Bison,<i>Bison bison bison</i>","abstract":"Bison are an icon of the American West and an ecologically, commercially, and culturally important species. Despite numbering in the hundreds of thousands today, conservation concerns remain for the species, including the impact on genetic diversity of a severe bottleneck around the turn of the 20th century and genetic introgression from domestic cattle. Genetic diversity and admixture are best evaluated at genome-wide scale, for which a high-quality reference is necessary. Here, we use trio binning of long reads from a bison-Simmental cattle (Bos taurus taurus) male F1 hybrid to sequence and assemble the genome of the American plains bison (Bison bison bison). The male haplotype genome is chromosome-scale, with a total length of 2.65 Gb across 775 scaffolds (839 contigs) and a scaffold N50 of 87.8 Mb. Our bison genome is ~13× more contiguous overall and ~3400× more contiguous at the contig level than the current bison reference genome. The bison genome sequence presented here (ARS-UCSC_bison1.0) will enable new research into the evolutionary history of this iconic megafauna species and provide a new tool for the management of bison populations in federal and commercial herds.","journal":"Journal of Heredity","year":2021,"id":157138,"datarank":1.1751261992372775,"base_score":3.9512437185814275,"endowment":3.9512437185814275,"self_citation_contribution":0.5926865577872142,"citation_network_contribution":0.5824396414500633,"self_endowment_contribution":0.5926865577872142,"citer_contribution":0.5824396414500633,"corpus_percentile":82.53268353059488,"corpus_rank":2259,"citation_count":51,"citer_count":26,"citers_with_citation_signal":19,"citers_with_endowment":19,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8736,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":70.8333,"fair_percentile":91.99021705900336,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":107637,"name":"Benjamin D. Rosen","orcid":"0000-0001-9395-8346","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":251209,"name":"Michael P. Heaton","orcid":"0000-0003-1386-1208","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":281280,"name":"Brian L. Vander Ley","orcid":"0000-0003-0732-2590","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":654553,"name":"Wade R Shafer","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":654554,"name":"Fred T Schuetze","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":654555,"name":"Brad Stroud","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":653954,"name":"L. A. Kuehn","orcid":"0000-0002-7573-5365","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":337889,"name":"Jennifer C. McClure","orcid":"0000-0002-8330-8216","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":653955,"name":"Jennifer P. Barfield","orcid":"0000-0002-7863-6354","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":653956,"name":"Harvey D. Blackburn","orcid":"0000-0003-0575-1594","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":281278,"name":"Ted Kalbfleisch","orcid":"0000-0002-2370-8189","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":106871,"name":"Derek M. Bickhart","orcid":"0000-0003-2223-9285","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":653957,"name":"Kimberly M Davenport","orcid":"0000-0003-2796-9252","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":106875,"name":"Kristen L. Kuhn","orcid":null,"position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":7649,"name":"Richard E. Green","orcid":"0000-0003-0516-5827","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":226135,"name":"Beth Shapiro","orcid":"0000-0002-2733-7776","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":106877,"name":"Timothy P. L. Smith","orcid":"0000-0003-1611-6828","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":255455,"name":"Jonas Oppenheimer","orcid":"0000-0001-7973-6173","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":64,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:44:17.471040Z","pmid":"33595645","pmcid":"PMC8006816","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":94.4444,"fair_a":68.75,"fair_i":20.0,"fair_r":50.0,"fair_zscore":1.4401,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":70.83,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":94.44,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"Data generated in this study are available in the NCBI BioProject repository under accessions PRJNA677946 (bison) and PRJNA677947 (Simmental).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper provides NCBI BioProject accessions (PRJNA677946, PRJNA677947), which are persistent identifiers in the accepted scheme list.","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"Data generated in this study are available in the NCBI BioProject repository","grounded":true,"rationale":"NCBI BioProject is a named data repository (class 1).","anchors":["RDA-F4-01M — FAIR Data Maturity Model: metadata is offered so it can be harvested and indexed (","NIH DMS Policy Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — name the repository where data will be archived","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Long-Term Sustainability', 'Reten"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","label":"Data-availability statement","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"Data generated in this study are available in the NCBI BioProject repository under accessions PRJNA677946 (bison) and PRJNA677947 (Simmental).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The statement points to a repository record with accessions (Colavizza category 3).","anchors":["Colavizza, Hrynaszkiewicz, Staden, Whitaker & McGillivray (2020), 'The citation advantage of li","Springer Nature research data policy — Data Availability Statements: standard statement templat","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"Table 2. Assembly statistics for final assembly, ARS-UCSC_bison1.0, and current bison reference, Bison_UMD1.0","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper includes a table that itemises the dataset's composition (size, contig N50, scaffold count, etc.). [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-F2-01M — 'Rich metadata is provided to allow discovery' (priority Essential)","FsF-F2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes descriptive core elements to support data findability'","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","label":"Dataset formally cited","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"Data generated in this study are available in the NCBI BioProject repository under accessions PRJNA677946 (bison) and PRJNA677947 (Simmental).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The dataset identifier appears only in the body text (data availability statement), not in the reference list.","anchors":["FORCE11 Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles (2014) — data should be cited as a first-","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes","FsF-F3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes the identifier of the data it describes'"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]},"A":{"name":"Accessible","score":68.75,"criteria":[{"key":"a_data_openly_accessible","label":"Access route free of preconditions","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"Data generated in this study are available in the NCBI BioProject repository under accessions PRJNA677946 (bison) and PRJNA677947 (Simmental).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The data are stated to be available in a public repository with no precondition.","anchors":["RDA-A1.1-01D — 'Data is accessible through a free access protocol'","FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Free and Easy Access'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","label":"Access level labelled","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"Data generated in this study are available in the NCBI BioProject repository under accessions PRJNA677946 (bison) and PRJNA677947 (Simmental).","grounded":true,"rationale":"No explicit access-level label is given; the text describes an action (going to NCBI) from which open access can be inferred.","anchors":["FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","RDA-A1-01M — metadata contains information to enable the user to get access to the data","COAR Controlled Vocabularies — Access Rights v1.0 (open / embargoed / restricted / metadata-onl"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The data are not identified as sensitive or human-subject, and no gatekeeper is named.","anchors":["NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy (NOT-OD-14-124) — controlled-access via a Data Access Committee","RDA-A1.2-01D — 'Data is accessible through an access protocol that supports authentication and ","NIH DMS Policy Element 5 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Access, Distribution, or Reuse Considerations (conse"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","label":"Availability timing & retention","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"Data generated in this study are available in the NCBI BioProject repository under accessions PRJNA677946 (bison) and PRJNA677947 (Simmental).","grounded":true,"rationale":"The text states that the data are available now but says nothing about how long they will persist. [majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["NIH DMS Plan Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Data Preservation, Access, and Associated Timelines","NSTC Desirable Characteristics (2022), Organizational Infrastructure: 'Retention Policy'","RDA-A2-01M — 'Metadata is guaranteed to remain available after data is no longer available'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"I":{"name":"Interoperable","score":20.0,"criteria":[{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","label":"Open file format","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No file format is named for the deposited data in the data availability statement or elsewhere. [majority verdict 'no' (2/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["FsF-R1.3-02D — F-UJI: 'Data is available in a file format recommended by the target research co","RDA-R1.3-02D — data is expressed in a machine-understandable community standard","RDA-I1-01D — data uses a knowledge representation expressed in a standardised format"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No community data or metadata standard (e.g., MIAME, BIDS, a FAIRsharing-registered ontology) is named for the data.","anchors":["RDA-R1.3-01M — 'Metadata complies with a community standard' (priority Essential)","RDA-R1.3-01D — 'Data complies with a community standard'","RDA-I2-01M — '(Meta)data use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"i_qualified_references","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"SAMN16823422","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper provides identifiers (BioSample, SRA accessions) for the parent samples and other resources not produced by this study. [majority verdict 'yes' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-I3-01M — '(meta)data include references to other (meta)data'","RDA-I3-03M — 'metadata includes qualified references to other metadata'","FsF-I3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes links between the data and its related entities'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":50.0,"criteria":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","label":"Reuse licence","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No reuse license is stated for the data; the CC-BY license applies to the article only.","anchors":["RDA-R1.1-01M — 'Metadata includes information about the licence under which the data can be reu","RDA-R1.1-02M — 'Metadata refers to a standard reuse licence'","RDA-R1.1-03M — 'Metadata refers to a machine-understandable reuse licence'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","label":"Provenance of the data","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"Illumina NextSeq500 instrument","grounded":true,"rationale":"The text names specific instruments and software used to produce the data (e.g., Illumina NextSeq500, Oxford Nanopore PromethION). [majority verdict 'yes' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1.2-01M — 'Metadata includes provenance information according to community- specific standa","FsF-R1.2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes provenance information about data creation or generati","W3C PROV-O (W3C Recommendation, 2013) — the entity/activity/agent model of provenance"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","label":"Documentation / codebook","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No documentation object (README, data dictionary, codebook) is mentioned as accompanying the deposited data.","anchors":["RDA-R1-01M — '(Meta)data are richly described with a plurality of accurate and relevant attribu","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'","NIH DMS Policy Element 3 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Standards (documentation and metadata to accompany t"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"r_versioning","label":"Snapshot identified","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"ARS-UCSC_bison1.0","grounded":true,"rationale":"The assembly is identified by a version token (ARS-UCSC_bison1.0) in the abstract and methods.","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — the 'Version' property","RDA-R1.2-01M — provenance information (which version was used is provenance)","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Provenance', 'Retention Policy'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"x_code_availability","label":"Analysis code available","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"https://github.com/njdbickhart/Themis-ASM","grounded":true,"rationale":"A GitHub URL is provided for custom scripts, which is a machine-resolvable locator.","anchors":["NIH DMS Policy Element 2 (NOT-OD-21-014) — 'Related Tools, Software and/or Code'","FAIR4RS Principles v1.0 (Chue Hong et al., 2022; RDA/FORCE11/ReSA) — FAIR Principles for Resear","FORCE11 Software Citation Principles (Smith, Katz & Niemeyer, 2016, PeerJ CS 2:e86)"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"x_funding_attribution","label":"Funder and award number","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"T32 HG008345-01","grounded":true,"rationale":"An award/grant number (T32 HG008345-01) is given for a funder, along with other grant numbers.","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — 'FundingReference' property (funderName, funderIdentifier, award","Crossref Funder Registry — canonical funder identifiers for funding metadata","RDA-F2-01M — rich metadata provided to allow discovery (funding is part of the descriptive reco"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]}},"actions":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","dimension":"R","label":"Reuse licence","action":"Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No reuse license is stated for the data; the CC-BY license applies to the article only.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","dimension":"I","label":"Open file format","action":"Release the data in an open, community-standard format (CSV/TSV, JSON, HDF5, NetCDF, FASTQ, VCF, NIfTI…) instead of — or alongside — any proprietary or instrument-native format, and name the format in the paper. A dataset that needs a €2,000 licence to open is not reusable. Prefer open neuroimaging formats such as NIfTI or BIDS.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No file format is named for the deposited data in the data availability statement or elsewhere. [majority verdict 'no' (2/5 passes agreed)]","gain":8.33,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","dimension":"F","label":"Dataset formally cited","action":"Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the neuroimaging repository accession (e.g. from OpenNeuro or NeuroVault) in the reference list.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"Data generated in this study are available in the NCBI BioProject repository under accessions PRJNA677946 (bison) and PRJNA677947 (Simmental).","why":"The dataset identifier appears only in the body text (data availability statement), not in the reference list.","gain":4.17,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","dimension":"A","label":"Access level labelled","action":"State the access level in words, using the standard vocabulary: 'These data are open access' / 'These data are controlled access'. A reader — and a harvester — should not have to infer the access level from the presence of a download link.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"Data generated in this study are available in the NCBI BioProject repository under accessions PRJNA677946 (bison) and PRJNA677947 (Simmental).","why":"No explicit access-level label is given; the text describes an action (going to NCBI) from which open access can be inferred.","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","dimension":"I","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","action":"Adopt and NAME your domain's data standard — the minimum-information checklist, metadata schema, or ontology your community uses (MIAME/MINSEQE, ISA-Tab, BIDS, an OBO ontology, HL7 FHIR/OMOP) — and say which one you followed. A reporting checklist standardises your paper; it does nothing for your data. In neuroimaging, describe the data with BIDS, NIfTI or DICOM.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No community data or metadata standard (e.g., MIAME, BIDS, a FAIRsharing-registered ontology) is named for the data.","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","dimension":"R","label":"Documentation / codebook","action":"Ship a README and a data dictionary IN the deposit — every file, every variable, its units, its allowed values, its missing-value codes. It is the cheapest single thing that makes a dataset usable by someone who was not in the lab, and a table buried in the article does not travel with the data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No documentation object (README, data dictionary, codebook) is mentioned as accompanying the deposited data.","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","dimension":"A","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","action":"Route sensitive data through an institutional gatekeeper — deposit in a controlled- access repository (dbGaP, EGA) with a Data Access Committee and a published DUA — rather than through the corresponding author's inbox. An author-gated dataset dies with the author's email address, and 'on reasonable request' has been shown repeatedly not to yield data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The data are not identified as sensitive or human-subject, and no gatekeeper is named.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"Data generated in this study are available in the NCBI BioProject repository under accessions PRJNA677946 (bison) and PRJNA677947 (Simmental).","why":"The text states that the data are available now but says nothing about how long they will persist. [majority verdict 'partial' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","Release the data in an open, community-standard format (CSV/TSV, JSON, HDF5, NetCDF, FASTQ, VCF, NIfTI…) instead of — or alongside — any proprietary or instrument-native format, and name the format in the paper. A dataset that needs a €2,000 licence to open is not reusable. Prefer open neuroimaging formats such as NIfTI or BIDS.","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the neuroimaging repository accession (e.g. from OpenNeuro or NeuroVault) in the reference list.","State the access level in words, using the standard vocabulary: 'These data are open access' / 'These data are controlled access'. A reader — and a harvester — should not have to infer the access level from the presence of a download link.","Adopt and NAME your domain's data standard — the minimum-information checklist, metadata schema, or ontology your community uses (MIAME/MINSEQE, ISA-Tab, BIDS, an OBO ontology, HL7 FHIR/OMOP) — and say which one you followed. A reporting checklist standardises your paper; it does nothing for your data. In neuroimaging, describe the data with BIDS, NIfTI or DICOM."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"epmc_xml"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"epmc_xml","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T11:20:11.860396Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}