{"doi":"10.1093/jalm/jfac073","title":"Sensitive Serology Measurements in the Saliva of Individuals with COVID-19 Symptoms Using a Multiplexed Immunoassay","abstract":"BACKGROUND: There are numerous benefits to performing salivary serology measurements for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative pathogen for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we used a sensitive multiplex serology assay to quantitate salivary IgG against 4 SARS-CoV-2 antigens: nucleocapsid, receptor-binding domain, spike, and N-terminal domain. METHODS: We used single samples from 90 individuals with COVID-19 diagnosis collected at 0 to 42 days postsymptom onset (PSO) and from 15 uninfected control subjects. The infected individuals were segmented in 4 groups (0-7 days, 8-14 days, 15-21 days, and >21 days) based on days PSO, and values were compared to controls. RESULTS: Compared to controls, infected individuals showed higher levels of antibodies against all antigens starting from 8 days PSO. When applying cut-offs with at least 93.3% specificity at every time interval segment, nucleocapsid protein serology had the best sensitivity at 0 to 7 days PSO (60% sensitivity [35.75% to 80.18%], ROC area under the curve [AUC] = 0.73, P = 0.034). Receptor-binding domain serology had the best sensitivity at 8 to 14 days PSO (83.33% sensitivity [66.44%-92.66%], ROC AUC = 0.90, P < 0.0001), and all assays except for N-terminal domain had 92% sensitivity (75.03%-98.58%) at >14 days PSO. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that our multiplexed immunoassay can distinguish infected from uninfected individuals and reliably (93.3% specificity) detect seroconversion (in 60% of infected individuals) as early as the first week PSO, using easy-to-collect saliva samples.","journal":"The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine","year":2022,"id":292131,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9651,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":856416,"name":"Antigona Ulndreaj","orcid":"0000-0003-1650-1187","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":975820,"name":"Anu Mathew","orcid":"0000-0003-3327-3083","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":792963,"name":"Christopher Campbell","orcid":"0000-0003-2844-3543","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":975821,"name":"Martin Stengelin","orcid":"0000-0002-7298-2213","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":287956,"name":"George B. Sigal","orcid":"0000-0001-7149-6400","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":813866,"name":"Jessica Joe","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":813381,"name":"Daniel Romero","orcid":"0000-0003-1505-3247","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":813380,"name":"Nikhil Padmanabhan","orcid":"0000-0002-2885-8602","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":976298,"name":"Annie Ren","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":976299,"name":"Atefeh Ghorbani","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":976300,"name":"Antoninus Soosaipillai","orcid":null,"position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":975822,"name":"Vathany Kulasingam","orcid":"0000-0001-5610-873X","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":975823,"name":"Ioannis Prassas","orcid":"0000-0002-7907-4576","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":786,"name":"Eleftherios P. Diamandis","orcid":"0000-0002-1589-820X","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":975819,"name":"Dorsa Sohaei","orcid":"0000-0003-4824-4277","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":41,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:30:42.221508Z","pmid":"36179121","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}