{"doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf329","title":"Estimated US Trends in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibody Concentrations and Correlation to Risk of First-Time Infections Based on Blood Donations, 2022","abstract":"BACKGROUND: By the end of 2021 in the United States, spike (S) antibody seroprevalence from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination, infection, or both (hybrid immunity) reached over 90%. With high seroprevalence, quantitative antibody concentrations are needed to characterize population immunity. We measured quantitative S antibody concentrations in a national blood donor cohort and evaluated their correlation with protection against infection. METHODS: One blood specimen per quarter in 2022 was tested for quantitative S immunoglobulin G (IgG) and infection-induced (nucleocapsid [N]) total Ig antibodies from a national blood donor cohort of 106 969 people. Median S antibody concentrations were calculated by quarter and by history of vaccination and infection. Among vaccinated donors without N antibodies, protection (measured as 1 minus hazard ratios compared with unvaccinated donors) against N antibody seroconversion was estimated by S antibody concentration. Median S antibody levels were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS: Median S antibody concentrations increased from 1380 binding antibody units (BAU)/mL in quarter 1 of 2022 to 1720 BAU/mL in quarter 4 of 2022. In quarter 4, S antibody levels were lowest in the infection-only group (median, 75 BAU/mL) and higher in the vaccine-only group (median, 1950 BAU/mL) and hybrid immunity group (median, 2550 BAU/mL). Protection against first-time infection increased with higher antibody concentrations; 5010 BAU/mL (95% confidence interval, 4120-6550 BAU/mL) was associated with 50% protection. DISCUSSION: During 2022, this nationwide study showed mildly increased S IgG concentrations over time among blood donors. Vaccination and hybrid immunity resulted in higher antibody concentrations than infection alone. Higher antibody concentrations were associated with increased protection from infection.","journal":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","year":2025,"id":553333,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":1,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9033,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":380882,"name":"Eduard Grebe","orcid":"0000-0001-7046-7245","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1450355,"name":"Isaac Lartey","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":246884,"name":"Mars Stone","orcid":"0000-0001-5619-2767","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":381667,"name":"Bryan R. Spencer","orcid":"0000-0002-9008-9154","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1450356,"name":"Akitunde Akinseye","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1450357,"name":"Irene Molina Manrique","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":361801,"name":"Rebecca V. Fink","orcid":"0000-0003-3255-4756","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":250059,"name":"Valerie Green","orcid":"0000-0002-7101-3111","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":775336,"name":"Paula Saá","orcid":"0000-0001-6077-4532","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":398344,"name":"Brad J. Biggerstaff","orcid":"0000-0002-3105-3530","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":243250,"name":"Melissa M. Coughlin","orcid":"0000-0003-1843-6251","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1072047,"name":"Melissa Briggs Hagen","orcid":"0000-0001-7359-9665","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":257586,"name":"Marion C. Lanteri","orcid":"0000-0002-4213-5013","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1076666,"name":"Jean D. Opsomer","orcid":"0000-0002-9508-5021","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":892836,"name":"David J. Wright","orcid":"0000-0001-8666-4155","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":517285,"name":"M. Busch","orcid":"0000-0003-4961-6511","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":272227,"name":"Jefferson M. Jones","orcid":"0000-0003-4974-9058","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":23,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:54:41.819682Z","pmid":"40581065","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}