{"doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf100","title":"Molecular Evolution and Epidemiology of Norovirus GII.4 Viruses in the United States","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, with GII.4 Sydney viruses responsible for the majority of infections until 2023. METHODS: To study the evolutionary dynamics of GII.4 noroviruses in the United States (2011-2023), we sequenced and analyzed 406 VP1 and 335 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase sequences submitted to CaliciNet. RESULTS: Time-scale analysis showed that the average evolutionary rate of GII.4 strains was 5.56 × 10-3 substitutions per site per year. GII.4 Sydney viruses circulated throughout the entire study period albeit with 4 polymerase types (GII.P31, GII.P16, GII.P4 and GII.P12). From 2011-2015, GII.4 Sydney[P31] dominated followed by GII.4 Sydney[P16] from 2016-2020, and the new sub-lineage GII.4 Sydney[P16]-2020 from 2021-to present. Since 2017, we observed the emergence of 3 novel GII.4 clusters based on amino acids in VP1: GII.4 San Francisco, GII.4 Allegany, and GII.4 Wichita. GII.4 San Francisco and GII.4 Allegany had a GII.P31 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, whereas GII.4 Wichita strains had GII.P4. GII.4 Allegany and GII.4 Wichita exhibited major amino acid substitutions in epitopes A to E, G, and H, while GII.4 San Francisco viruses have an alanine insertion in epitope A. GII.4 Allegany and GII.4 Wichita virus-like particles bound porcine gastric mucin at a similar level as GII.4 New Orleans and GII.4 Sydney. However, blocking of binding to virus-like particles by human serum pools demonstrated that their antigenicity was significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: We identified 3 new GII.4 noroviruses cocirculating with GII.4 Sydney. Early detection of new strains will aid in tracking their spread and assessing their pandemic potential.","journal":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","year":2025,"id":512398,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":12,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.8912,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":false,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2025-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":473473,"name":"Anna Montmayeur","orcid":"0000-0002-8132-1716","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":308215,"name":"Jennifer L. Cannon","orcid":"0000-0001-5536-9014","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":376982,"name":"Michael L. Mallory","orcid":"0000-0003-0768-572X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":495846,"name":"Yaoska Reyes","orcid":"0000-0001-9467-2438","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1371893,"name":"H. G. Wall","orcid":"0000-0002-2229-5773","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":5952,"name":"Ralph S. Baric","orcid":"0000-0001-6827-8701","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":298000,"name":"Lisa C. Lindesmith","orcid":"0000-0001-9567-0522","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":291907,"name":"Jan Vinjé","orcid":"0000-0002-1530-3675","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":308212,"name":"Preeti Chhabra","orcid":"0000-0002-7265-2556","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":308214,"name":"Leslie Barclay","orcid":"0000-0002-0821-3794","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":42,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:48:06.263458Z","pmid":"40036172","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}