{"doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae344","title":"Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Drug Resistance in Rhode Island, USA, 2004–2021","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquired drug resistance (ADR) compromises antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS: We aggregated all HIV-1 protease-reverse transcriptase-integrase sequences over 2004-2021 at the largest HIV center in Rhode Island and evaluated ADR extent, trends, and impact using Stanford Database tools. Trends were measured with Mann-Kendall statistic, and multivariable regressions evaluated resistance predictors. RESULTS: Sequences were available for 914 ART-experienced persons. Overall ADR to any drug decreased from 77% to 49% (-0.66 Mann-Kendall statistic); nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 65% to 32%, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 53% to 43%, and protease inhibitors 28% to 7% (2004-2021), and integrase strand transfer inhibitors 16% to 13% (2017-2021). Multiclass resistance decreased from 44% to 12% (2-class) and 12% to 6% (3-class). In 2021, 94% had at least one 3-drug or 2-drug one-pill-once-daily (OPOD) option. Males and those exposed to more ART regimens were more likely to have ≥2-class resistance, and higher regimen exposure was also associated with fewer OPOD options. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive analyses within a densely-sampled HIV epidemic over 2004-2021 demonstrated decreasing ADR. Continued ADR monitoring is important to maintain ART success, particularly with rising INSTI use in all lines of therapy and 2-drug and long-acting formulations.","journal":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","year":2024,"id":466007,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":4,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.5456,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":439048,"name":"Vlad Novitsky","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":310905,"name":"Jon A. Steingrimsson","orcid":"0000-0003-2116-9377","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":778447,"name":"Fizza S. Gillani","orcid":"0000-0002-7156-153X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":743705,"name":"Mark Howison","orcid":"0000-0002-0764-4090","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":704593,"name":"Katherine Nagel","orcid":"0000-0001-8456-3406","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":778448,"name":"Matthew D. Solomon","orcid":"0000-0001-7846-9296","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":778453,"name":"Thomas Bertrand","orcid":"0000-0001-8693-8478","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":956527,"name":"Lila Bhattarai","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":778452,"name":"John P Fulton","orcid":"0000-0002-7114-8390","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":778966,"name":"Utpala Bandy","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":69660,"name":"Rami Kantor","orcid":"0000-0003-3659-1108","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":107722,"name":"Su Aung","orcid":"0000-0002-8055-3136","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":44,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:04:54.606394Z","pmid":"39041648","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}