{"doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiae234","title":"Longitudinal Analysis of Nursing Home Residents’ T-Cell Responses After SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccinations Shows Influence of Biological Sex and Infection History","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Vaccines and vaccine boosting have blunted excess morbidity and mortality from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in older nursing home residents (NHR). However, the impact of repeated vaccination on the T-cell response based on biological sex and prior infection of NHR remain understudied. METHODS: We examined T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in a cohort of NHR and healthcare workers (HCW) over 2 years. We used interferon-γ ELIspot and flow cytometry to assess T-cell response before, 2 weeks, and 6 months after the initial series and each of 2 booster vaccines. We analyzed these data longitudinally with mixed-effect modeling and also examined subsets of our cohorts for additional changes in T-cell effector function. RESULTS: Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and female sex contributed to higher T-cell response in NHR but not HCW. When looking across time points, NHR but not HCW with prior infection had significantly higher T-cell responses than infection-naive subjects. These patterns of response were maintained across multiple booster vaccinations. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the age, multimorbidity, and/or frailty of the NHR cohort may accentuate sex and infection status differences in T-cell response to mRNA vaccination.","journal":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","year":2024,"id":467996,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":3,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.935,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":694928,"name":"Elise M. Didion","orcid":"0000-0002-4987-8901","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":294172,"name":"Htin Aung","orcid":"0000-0002-0465-6256","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1170201,"name":"Banumathi Tamilselvan","orcid":"0000-0003-3164-5162","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1300834,"name":"Taissa Bej","orcid":"0000-0002-4797-1432","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":636591,"name":"Oladayo A. Oyebanji","orcid":"0000-0001-5028-7474","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":333572,"name":"Carey L. Shive","orcid":"0000-0002-6908-1246","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":636593,"name":"Brigid Wilson","orcid":"0000-0003-2966-2940","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":105516,"name":"Mark J. Cameron","orcid":"0000-0003-4768-4094","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":105517,"name":"Cheryl Cameron","orcid":"0000-0002-0574-3781","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":287778,"name":"Stefan Gravenstein","orcid":"0000-0001-6000-6859","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":72323,"name":"David H. Canaday","orcid":"0000-0001-5503-7888","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1301204,"name":"Carson L. Smith","orcid":null,"position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":41,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:05:19.071498Z","pmid":"38743816","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}