{"doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiad392","title":"Analysis of the Immunostimulatory Effects of Cytokine-Expressing Internal Ribosome Entry Site–Based RNA Adjuvants and Their Applications","abstract":"Developing new adjuvants that can effectively induce humoral and cellular immune responses while broadening the immune response is of great value. In this study, we aimed to develop single-stranded RNA adjuvants expressing (1) granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor or (2) interleukin 18 based on the encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site; we also tested their efficacy in combination with ovalbumin or inactivated influenza vaccines. Notably, cytokine-expressing RNA adjuvants increased the expression of antigen-presenting cell activation markers in mice. Specifically, when combined with ovalbumin, RNA adjuvants expressing granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor increased CD4+ T-cell responses, while those expressing interleukin 18 increased CD8+ T-cell responses. Cytokine-expressing RNA adjuvants further increased the frequency of polyclonal T cells with the influenza vaccine and reduced the clinical illness scores and weight loss of mice after viral challenge. Collectively, our results suggest that cytokine-expressing RNA adjuvants can be applied to protein-based or inactivated vaccines to increase their efficacy.","journal":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","year":2023,"id":366090,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":6,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9534,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2023-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":1122796,"name":"Yoo‐Jin Bang","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1122313,"name":"Soyeon Yoo","orcid":"0000-0002-5734-2517","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1122314,"name":"Sang‐In Park","orcid":"0000-0001-8662-1999","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1122315,"name":"Hyo‐Jung Park","orcid":"0000-0002-1601-7638","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1122797,"name":"Hye Won Kwak","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1122316,"name":"Seo‐Hyeon Bae","orcid":"0000-0002-9037-5361","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1122798,"name":"Hyeong-Jun Park","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1122317,"name":"Jaeyong Kim","orcid":"0000-0003-1787-3775","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1122799,"name":"Sue-Bean Youn","orcid":null,"position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1122800,"name":"Gahyun Roh","orcid":null,"position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1122318,"name":"Seonghyun Lee","orcid":"0000-0003-1972-7106","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1122319,"name":"Sung Pil Kwon","orcid":"0000-0002-2828-8291","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1122320,"name":"Eun‐Kyoung Bang","orcid":"0000-0002-0339-0740","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1122321,"name":"Gyochang Keum","orcid":"0000-0001-8767-8022","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1122322,"name":"Jae‐Hwan Nam","orcid":"0000-0002-0974-4343","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":880019,"name":"So‐Hee Hong","orcid":"0000-0002-2833-8025","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1122312,"name":"Yu‐Sun Lee","orcid":"0000-0001-8358-984X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":30,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T01:14:55.198227Z","pmid":"37711050","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}