{"doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiac351","title":"The Influence of Sex, Body Mass Index, and Age on Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses Against Measles After a Third Dose of Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine","abstract":"BACKGROUND: A third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR3) is recommended in mumps outbreak scenarios, but the immune response and the need for widespread use of MMR3 remain uncertain. Herein, we characterized measles-specific immune responses to MMR3 in a cohort of 232 healthy subjects. METHODS: Serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were sampled at day 0 and day 28 after MMR3. Measles-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies were quantified in sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a microneutralization assay, respectively. PBMCs were stimulated with inactivated measles virus, and the release of cytokines/chemokines was assessed by a multiplex assay. Demographic variables of subjects were examined for potential correlations with immune outcomes. RESULTS: Of the study participants, 95.69% and 100% were seropositive at day 0 and day 28, respectively. Antibody avidity significantly increased from 38.08% at day 0 to 42.8% at day 28 (P = .00026). Neutralizing antibodies were significantly enhanced, from 928.7 at day 0 to 1289.64 mIU/mL at day 28 (P = .0001). Meanwhile, cytokine/chemokine responses remained largely unchanged. Body mass index was significantly correlated with the levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. CONCLUSIONS: Measles-specific humoral immune responses, but not cellular responses, were enhanced after MMR3 receipt, extending current understanding of immune responses to MMR3 and supporting MMR3 administration to seronegative or high-risk individuals.","journal":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","year":2022,"id":262306,"datarank":0.40620753016533157,"base_score":2.70805020110221,"endowment":2.70805020110221,"self_citation_contribution":0.40620753016533157,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.40620753016533157,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":14,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9326,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2022-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":252214,"name":"Jun Chen","orcid":"0000-0002-1273-5624","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":811344,"name":"Jonathon M. Monroe","orcid":"0000-0003-2458-9182","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":917660,"name":"Tamar Ratishvili","orcid":"0000-0002-1446-1188","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":374144,"name":"Nathaniel D. Warner","orcid":"0000-0001-9584-5257","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":584375,"name":"Diane E. Grill","orcid":"0000-0002-8677-1724","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":495327,"name":"Iana H. Haralambieva","orcid":"0000-0002-2856-0590","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":275824,"name":"Inna G. Ovsyannikova","orcid":"0000-0003-1506-9214","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":275825,"name":"Gregory A. Poland","orcid":"0000-0001-5057-4457","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":275823,"name":"Richard B. Kennedy","orcid":"0000-0001-6164-4967","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":916316,"name":"Huy Quang Quach","orcid":"0000-0003-2191-5771","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":56,"raw_metadata":{"citation_network_status":"fetched"},"created_at":"2026-07-19T00:26:20.717229Z","pmid":"35994504","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}