{"doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiab490","title":"Markers of Immune Activation and Inflammation in Individuals With Postacute Sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection","abstract":"BACKGROUND: The biological processes associated with postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (PASC) are unknown. METHODS: We measured soluble markers of inflammation in a SARS-CoV-2 recovery cohort at early (<90 days) and late (>90 days) timepoints. We defined PASC as the presence of 1 or more coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-attributed symptoms beyond 90 days. We compared fold-changes in marker values between those with and without PASC using mixed-effects models with terms for PASC and early and late recovery time periods. RESULTS: During early recovery, those who went on to develop PASC generally had higher levels of cytokine biomarkers including tumor necrosis factor-α (1.14-fold higher mean ratio [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.01-1.28]; P = .028) and interferon-γ-induced protein 10 (1.28-fold higher mean ratio [95% CI, 1.01-1.62]; P = .038). Among those with PASC, there was a trend toward higher interleukin 6 levels during early recovery (1.29-fold higher mean ratio [95% CI, .98-1.70]; P = .07), which became more pronounced in late recovery (1.44-fold higher mean ratio [95% CI, 1.11-1.86]; P < .001). These differences were more pronounced among those with a greater number of PASC symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent immune activation may be associated with ongoing symptoms following COVID-19. Further characterization of these processes might identify therapeutic targets for those experiencing PASC.","journal":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","year":2021,"id":145685,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":335,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9522,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":619680,"name":"Scott Lu","orcid":null,"position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":578129,"name":"Alex Tang","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":618495,"name":"Matthew S. Durstenfeld","orcid":"0000-0002-7612-3352","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":278829,"name":"Hsi-en Ho","orcid":"0000-0002-7160-2960","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":618496,"name":"Sarah A. Goldberg","orcid":"0000-0002-8642-1468","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":619681,"name":"Carrie A. Forman","orcid":null,"position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":283403,"name":"Sadie E. Munter","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":71690,"name":"Rebecca Hoh","orcid":"0000-0001-5112-4220","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":618497,"name":"Viva Tai","orcid":"0000-0003-1415-0766","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":618498,"name":"Ahmed Chenna","orcid":"0000-0001-6201-2494","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":618499,"name":"Brandon C. Yee","orcid":"0000-0003-4649-7975","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":618500,"name":"John Winslow","orcid":"0000-0003-2701-2493","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":461185,"name":"Christos J. Petropoulos","orcid":"0000-0001-5496-8090","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":299001,"name":"Bryan Greenhouse","orcid":"0000-0003-0287-9111","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":239685,"name":"Peter W. Hunt","orcid":"0000-0002-4571-4870","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":346891,"name":"Priscilla Y. Hsue","orcid":"0000-0002-3427-6043","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":239684,"name":"Jeffrey N. Martin","orcid":"0000-0002-9773-3256","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":252180,"name":"J. Daniel Kelly","orcid":"0000-0002-7616-0321","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":316641,"name":"David V. Glidden","orcid":"0000-0001-5888-1419","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":71691,"name":"Steven G. Deeks","orcid":"0000-0001-6371-747X","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":239686,"name":"Timothy J. Henrich","orcid":"0000-0002-6684-0622","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":228705,"name":"Michael J. Peluso","orcid":"0000-0003-0585-6230","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":52,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:42:12.871665Z","pmid":"34677601","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}