{"doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiab489","title":"Spatial Distribution of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> and <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> in Northern Ethiopia by Microscopic, Rapid Diagnostic Test, Laboratory Antibody, and Antigen Data","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Determining malaria transmission within regions of low, heterogenous prevalence is difficult. A variety of malaria tests exist and range from identification of diagnostic infection to testing for prior exposure. This study describes the concordance of multiple malaria tests using data from a 2015 household survey conducted in Ethiopia. METHODS: Blood samples (n=2279) from 3 regions in northern Ethiopia were assessed for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax by means of microscopy, rapid diagnostic test, multiplex antigen assay, and multiplex assay for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. Geospatial analysis was conducted with spatial scan statistics and kernel density estimation to identify malaria hot spots by different test results. RESULTS: The prevalence of malaria infection was low (1.4% by rapid diagnostic test, 1.0% by microscopy, and 1.8% by laboratory antigen assay). For P. falciparum, overlapping spatial clusters for all tests and an additional 5 unique IgG clusters were identified. For P. vivax, clusters identified with bead antigen assay, microscopy, and IgG partially overlapped. CONCLUSIONS: Assessing the spatial distribution of malaria exposure using multiple metrics can improve the understanding of malaria transmission dynamics in a region. The relative abundance of antibody clusters indicates that in areas of low transmission, IgG antibodies are a more useful marker to assess malaria exposure.","journal":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","year":2021,"id":203855,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":5,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.816,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":785596,"name":"Ashenafi Assefa","orcid":"0000-0001-6093-6685","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":786161,"name":"Heven Sime","orcid":null,"position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":785597,"name":"Hussein Mohammed","orcid":"0009-0001-8448-7690","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":754385,"name":"Amha Kebede","orcid":"0000-0001-5536-9671","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":624762,"name":"Hiwot Solomon","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":269829,"name":"Chris Drakeley","orcid":"0000-0003-4863-075X","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":786162,"name":"Matt Murphy","orcid":null,"position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":316974,"name":"Jimee Hwang","orcid":"0000-0002-9890-2664","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":590125,"name":"Eric Rogier","orcid":"0000-0001-7375-8304","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":785595,"name":"Colleen M. Leonard","orcid":"0000-0002-1944-693X","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":46,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:51:22.166488Z","pmid":"34628501","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}