{"doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaa375","title":"Massive Release of CD9+ Microvesicles in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, Regardless of Virologic Control","abstract":"BACKGROUND: The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis is unknown. We examine the cellular origin of plasma microvesicles (MVs), a type of ectocytosis-derived EV, the presence of mitochondria in MVs, and their relationship to circulating cell-free mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (ccf-mtDNA) in HIV-infected patients and controls. METHODS: Five participant groups were defined: 30 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive; 30 ART-treated with nondetectable viremia; 30 elite controllers; 30 viremic controllers; and 30 HIV-uninfected controls. Microvesicles were quantified and characterized from plasma samples by flow cytometry. MitoTrackerDeepRed identified MVs containing mitochondria and ccf-mtDNA was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Microvesicle numbers were expanded at least 10-fold in all HIV-infected groups compared with controls. More than 79% were platelet-derived MVs. Proportions of MVs containing mitochondria (22.3% vs 41.6%) and MV mitochondrial density (706 vs 1346) were significantly lower among HIV-infected subjects than controls, lowest levels for those on ART. Microvesicle numbers correlated with ccf-mtDNA levels that were higher among HIV-infected patients. CONCLUSIONS: A massive release of platelet-derived MVs occurs during HIV infection. Some MVs contain mitochondria, but their proportion and mitochondrial densities were lower in HIV infection than in controls. Platelet-derived MVs may be biomarkers of platelet activation, possibly reflecting pathogenesis even in absence of HIV replication.","journal":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","year":2020,"id":76876,"datarank":0.0,"base_score":0.0,"endowment":0.0,"self_citation_contribution":0.0,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.0,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":null,"corpus_rank":null,"citation_count":20,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":false,"is_dataset_confidence":0.9196,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2020-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":400473,"name":"Andrés Tabernilla","orcid":"0000-0002-6141-9337","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":344428,"name":"Wendy Fitzgerald","orcid":"0000-0001-5752-8250","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":400474,"name":"Ángel Salgado‐Barreira","orcid":"0000-0003-4349-4947","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":401268,"name":"Marta Grandal","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":400475,"name":"Alexandre Pérez‐González","orcid":"0000-0003-4836-6768","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":400476,"name":"Ana Mariño","orcid":"0000-0002-3150-0118","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":400477,"name":"Hortensia Álvarez","orcid":"0000-0002-5002-1737","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":401269,"name":"Nieves Valcarce","orcid":null,"position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":400478,"name":"Juan González‐García","orcid":"0000-0002-3652-002X","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":400479,"name":"José Ignacio Bernardino","orcid":"0000-0003-3501-8529","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":400480,"name":"Félix Gutiérrez","orcid":"0000-0002-9485-6867","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":247913,"name":"Hisashi Fujioka","orcid":"0000-0001-8511-7141","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":400481,"name":"Manuel Crespo","orcid":"0000-0001-9016-0515","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":400482,"name":"Ezequiel Ruíz-Mateos","orcid":"0000-0001-6747-7813","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":344429,"name":"Leonid Margolis","orcid":"0000-0002-1960-1928","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":262177,"name":"Michael M. Lederman","orcid":"0000-0001-9247-8025","position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":333577,"name":"Michael L. Freeman","orcid":"0000-0002-7690-5258","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":400472,"name":"Eva Poveda","orcid":"0000-0003-4835-9875","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":50,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T21:48:27.511277Z","pmid":"32603406","pmcid":null,"fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}