{"doi":"10.1093/ije/dyab203","title":"Trans-ethnic Mendelian-randomization study reveals causal relationships between cardiometabolic factors and chronic kidney disease","abstract":"BACKGROUND: This study was to systematically test whether previously reported risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) are causally related to CKD in European and East Asian ancestries using Mendelian randomization. METHODS: A total of 45 risk factors with genetic data in European ancestry and 17 risk factors in East Asian participants were identified as exposures from PubMed. We defined the CKD by clinical diagnosis or by estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Ultimately, 51 672 CKD cases and 958 102 controls of European ancestry from CKDGen, UK Biobank and HUNT, and 13 093 CKD cases and 238 118 controls of East Asian ancestry from Biobank Japan, China Kadoorie Biobank and Japan-Kidney-Biobank/ToMMo were included. RESULTS: Eight risk factors showed reliable evidence of causal effects on CKD in Europeans, including genetically predicted body mass index (BMI), hypertension, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I, lipoprotein(a), type 2 diabetes (T2D) and nephrolithiasis. In East Asians, BMI, T2D and nephrolithiasis showed evidence of causality on CKD. In two independent replication analyses, we observed that increased hypertension risk showed reliable evidence of a causal effect on increasing CKD risk in Europeans but in contrast showed a null effect in East Asians. Although liability to T2D showed consistent effects on CKD, the effects of glycaemic phenotypes on CKD were weak. Non-linear Mendelian randomization indicated a threshold relationship between genetically predicted BMI and CKD, with increased risk at BMI of >25 kg/m2. CONCLUSIONS: Eight cardiometabolic risk factors showed causal effects on CKD in Europeans and three of them showed causality in East Asians, providing insights into the design of future interventions to reduce the burden of CKD.","journal":"International Journal of Epidemiology","year":2021,"id":148623,"datarank":3.0102351641296874,"base_score":4.812184355372417,"endowment":4.812184355372417,"self_citation_contribution":0.7218276533058626,"citation_network_contribution":2.288407510823825,"self_endowment_contribution":0.7218276533058626,"citer_contribution":2.288407510823825,"corpus_percentile":92.65104045795621,"corpus_rank":951,"citation_count":122,"citer_count":100,"citers_with_citation_signal":76,"citers_with_endowment":76,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.5402,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2021-01-01","fair_score":50.0,"fair_percentile":62.702537450321,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":632388,"name":"Yuemiao Zhang","orcid":"0000-0001-9863-4738","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":262534,"name":"Humaira Rasheed","orcid":"0000-0002-3331-5864","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":554302,"name":"Venexia Walker","orcid":"0000-0001-5064-446X","position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":572773,"name":"Yuka Sugawara","orcid":"0000-0002-3022-1096","position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":572774,"name":"Jiachen Li","orcid":"0000-0001-9054-1975","position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":315532,"name":"Yue Leng","orcid":"0000-0001-5826-4031","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":570911,"name":"Benjamin Elsworth","orcid":"0000-0001-7328-4233","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":554304,"name":"Robyn E. Wootton","orcid":"0000-0003-3961-3202","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":572775,"name":"Si Fang","orcid":"0000-0003-4934-1212","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":572776,"name":"Qian Yang","orcid":"0000-0001-8778-4132","position":10,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":78822,"name":"Stephen Burgess","orcid":"0000-0001-5365-8760","position":11,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":78832,"name":"Philip C Haycock","orcid":"0000-0001-5001-3350","position":12,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":469254,"name":"Maria Carolina Borges","orcid":"0000-0001-7785-4547","position":13,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":228670,"name":"Yoonsu Cho","orcid":"0000-0001-6118-6652","position":14,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":572777,"name":"Rebecca Carnegie","orcid":"0000-0001-5504-1414","position":15,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":403123,"name":"Amy Howell","orcid":null,"position":16,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":572778,"name":"Jamie Robinson","orcid":"0000-0001-8721-6514","position":17,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":493517,"name":"Laurent F. Thomas","orcid":"0000-0003-0548-2486","position":18,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":50532,"name":"Ben Brumpton","orcid":"0000-0002-3058-1059","position":19,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":262547,"name":"Kristian Hveem","orcid":"0000-0001-8157-9744","position":20,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":572779,"name":"Stein Hallan","orcid":"0000-0002-9045-3569","position":21,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":24742,"name":"Nora Franceschini","orcid":"0009-0001-8346-3662","position":22,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":16092,"name":"Andrew P. Morris","orcid":"0000-0002-6805-6014","position":23,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":49742,"name":"Anna Köttgen","orcid":"0000-0002-4671-3714","position":24,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":561807,"name":"Cristian Pattaro","orcid":"0000-0002-4119-0109","position":25,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":242673,"name":"Matthias Wuttke","orcid":"0000-0003-3420-5082","position":26,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":19758,"name":"Masayuki Yamamoto","orcid":"0000-0002-9073-9436","position":27,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":572780,"name":"Naoki Kashihara","orcid":"0000-0002-9487-984X","position":28,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":58191,"name":"Masato Akiyama","orcid":"0000-0002-1879-5476","position":29,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":3032,"name":"Masahiro Kanai","orcid":"0000-0001-5165-4408","position":30,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":17616,"name":"Koichi Matsuda","orcid":"0000-0001-7292-2686","position":31,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":14692,"name":"Yoichiro Kamatani","orcid":"0000-0001-8748-5597","position":32,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":250974,"name":"Yukinori Okada","orcid":"0000-0002-0311-8472","position":33,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":270861,"name":"Robin Walters","orcid":"0000-0002-9179-0321","position":34,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":270846,"name":"Iona Y. Millwood","orcid":"0000-0002-0807-0682","position":35,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":23008,"name":"Zhengming Chen","orcid":"0000-0001-6423-105X","position":36,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1528,"name":"George Davey Smith","orcid":"0000-0002-1407-8314","position":37,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":573297,"name":"Sean Barbour","orcid":null,"position":38,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":572782,"name":"Canqing Yu","orcid":"0000-0002-0019-0014","position":39,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":50530,"name":"Bjørn Olav Åsvold","orcid":"0000-0003-3837-2101","position":40,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":632389,"name":"Hong Zhang","orcid":"0000-0003-1690-033X","position":41,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":78831,"name":"Tom R Gaunt","orcid":"0000-0003-0924-3247","position":42,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":78817,"name":"Jie Zheng","orcid":"0000-0002-6623-6839","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":93,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-18T23:42:46.224799Z","pmid":"34999880","pmcid":"PMC8743120","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":50.0,"fair_a":62.5,"fair_i":20.0,"fair_r":25.0,"fair_zscore":0.6155,"fair_rationale":{"fair_score":50.0,"has_llm":true,"taxonomy_version":"fair_taxonomy_v5","dimensions":{"F":{"name":"Findable","score":50.0,"criteria":[{"key":"f_dataset_pid","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"The GWAS summary statistics for CKD and eGFR that were generated using UK Biobank and CKDGen data are available from the MRC-IEU OpenGWAS database ( https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/ ) and CKDGen website ( http://ckdgen.imbi.uni-freiburg.de/ ) respectively.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper provides web URLs (https://...) for the data, not a persistent identifier scheme (DOI, Handle, ARK, etc.). [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-F1-01D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a persistent identifier' (priorit","RDA-F1-02D — FAIR Data Maturity Model: 'Data is identified by a globally unique identifier'","FsF-F1-02D — F-UJI/FAIRsFAIR: 'Data is assigned a persistent identifier'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_repository_named","label":"Named repository","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The paper names the MRC-IEU OpenGWAS database and CKDGen website as repositories holding the data. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-F4-01M — FAIR Data Maturity Model: metadata is offered so it can be harvested and indexed (","NIH DMS Policy Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — name the repository where data will be archived","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Long-Term Sustainability', 'Reten"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"f_data_availability_statement","label":"Data-availability statement","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"The GWAS summary statistics for CKD and eGFR that were generated using UK Biobank and CKDGen data are available from the MRC-IEU OpenGWAS database ( https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/ ) and CKDGen website ( http://ckdgen.imbi.uni-freiburg.de/ ) respectively.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The statement points to a repository record (OpenGWAS database and CKDGen website), which is a public repository. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["Colavizza, Hrynaszkiewicz, Staden, Whitaker & McGillivray (2020), 'The citation advantage of li","Springer Nature research data policy — Data Availability Statements: standard statement templat","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The dataset is described in running prose without an itemized inventory of files or variables. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-F2-01M — 'Rich metadata is provided to allow discovery' (priority Essential)","FsF-F2-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes descriptive core elements to support data findability'","FsF-R1-01MD — F-UJI: 'Metadata specifies the content of the data'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","label":"Dataset formally cited","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"The GWAS summary statistics for CKD and eGFR that were generated using UK Biobank and CKDGen data are available from the MRC-IEU OpenGWAS database ( https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/ ) and CKDGen website ( http://ckdgen.imbi.uni-freiburg.de/ ) respectively.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The dataset identifier appears only in the body text (Data availability section), not as a reference-list entry. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["FORCE11 Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles (2014) — data should be cited as a first-","RDA-F3-01M — metadata clearly and explicitly includes the identifier of the data it describes","FsF-F3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes the identifier of the data it describes'"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]},"A":{"name":"Accessible","score":62.5,"criteria":[{"key":"a_data_openly_accessible","label":"Access route free of preconditions","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"The GWAS summary statistics for CKD and eGFR that were generated using UK Biobank and CKDGen data are available from the MRC-IEU OpenGWAS database ( https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/ ) and CKDGen website ( http://ckdgen.imbi.uni-freiburg.de/ ) respectively.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The sentence provides an unconditional route to the data without any stated precondition. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-A1.1-01D — 'Data is accessible through a free access protocol'","FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","NSTC Desirable Characteristics of Data Repositories (2022) — 'Free and Easy Access'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","label":"Access level labelled","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.5,"verdict":"partial","evidence":"The GWAS summary statistics for CKD and eGFR that were generated using UK Biobank and CKDGen data are available from the MRC-IEU OpenGWAS database ( https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/ ) and CKDGen website ( http://ckdgen.imbi.uni-freiburg.de/ ) respectively.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper describes an access action (available from repositories) but does not label the access level as 'open access' or 'restricted'. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["FsF-A1-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata contains access level and access conditions of the data'","RDA-A1-01M — metadata contains information to enable the user to get access to the data","COAR Controlled Vocabularies — Access Rights v1.0 (open / embargoed / restricted / metadata-onl"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"The study's own data are summary statistics, openly available, and no gatekeeper is named. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy (NOT-OD-14-124) — controlled-access via a Data Access Committee","RDA-A1.2-01D — 'Data is accessible through an access protocol that supports authentication and ","NIH DMS Policy Element 5 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Access, Distribution, or Reuse Considerations (conse"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","label":"Availability timing & retention","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No statement about retention period or availability timing for the data.","anchors":["NIH DMS Plan Element 4 (NOT-OD-21-014) — Data Preservation, Access, and Associated Timelines","NSTC Desirable Characteristics (2022), Organizational Infrastructure: 'Retention Policy'","RDA-A2-01M — 'Metadata is guaranteed to remain available after data is no longer available'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"I":{"name":"Interoperable","score":20.0,"criteria":[{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","label":"Open file format","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No file format for the released data is mentioned.","anchors":["FsF-R1.3-02D — F-UJI: 'Data is available in a file format recommended by the target research co","RDA-R1.3-02D — data is expressed in a machine-understandable community standard","RDA-I1-01D — data uses a knowledge representation expressed in a standardised format"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No community standard for data or metadata is named in the paper. [majority verdict 'no' (2/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-R1.3-01M — 'Metadata complies with a community standard' (priority Essential)","RDA-R1.3-01D — 'Data complies with a community standard'","RDA-I2-01M — '(Meta)data use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles'"],"scored":false,"signal":null},{"key":"i_qualified_references","label":"Identifiers for the resources the data depend on","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank resource under Application Numbers '40135' and '15825'.","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper provides an identifier (application number) for a resource (UK Biobank) other than its own dataset. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["RDA-I3-01M — '(meta)data include references to other (meta)data'","RDA-I3-03M — 'metadata includes qualified references to other metadata'","FsF-I3-01M — F-UJI: 'Metadata includes links between the data and its related entities'"],"scored":false,"signal":null}]},"R":{"name":"Reusable","score":25.0,"criteria":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","label":"Reuse licence","kind":"llm","weight":2.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No license is stated for the data.","anchors":["RDA-R1.1-01M — 'Metadata includes information about the licence under which the data can be reu","RDA-R1.1-02M — 'Metadata refers to a standard reuse licence'","RDA-R1.1-03M — 'Metadata refers to a machine-understandable reuse licence'"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","label":"Provenance of the data","kind":"llm","weight":1.0,"fraction":0.0,"verdict":"no","evidence":null,"grounded":false,"rationale":"No specific instruments, platforms, or kits are named for the production of the study's data. 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[majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["NIH DMS Policy Element 2 (NOT-OD-21-014) — 'Related Tools, Software and/or Code'","FAIR4RS Principles v1.0 (Chue Hong et al., 2022; RDA/FORCE11/ReSA) — FAIR Principles for Resear","FORCE11 Software Citation Principles (Smith, Katz & Niemeyer, 2016, PeerJ CS 2:e86)"],"scored":true,"signal":null},{"key":"x_funding_attribution","label":"Funder and award number","kind":"llm","weight":0.5,"fraction":1.0,"verdict":"yes","evidence":"MC_UU_00011/1","grounded":true,"rationale":"The paper includes an award/grant number attached to a funder. [majority verdict 'yes' (3/5 passes agreed)]","anchors":["DataCite Metadata Schema 4.6 — 'FundingReference' property (funderName, funderIdentifier, award","Crossref Funder Registry — canonical funder identifiers for funding metadata","RDA-F2-01M — rich metadata provided to allow discovery (funding is part of the descriptive reco"],"scored":true,"signal":null}]}},"actions":[{"key":"r_reuse_license","dimension":"R","label":"Reuse licence","action":"Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No license is stated for the data.","gain":16.67,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"f_dataset_pid","dimension":"F","label":"Persistent identifier for the data","action":"Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"The GWAS summary statistics for CKD and eGFR that were generated using UK Biobank and CKDGen data are available from the MRC-IEU OpenGWAS database ( https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/ ) and CKDGen website ( http://ckdgen.imbi.uni-freiburg.de/ ) respectively.","why":"The paper provides web URLs (https://...) for the data, not a persistent identifier scheme (DOI, Handle, ARK, etc.). [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":8.33,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"f_repository_named","dimension":"F","label":"Named repository","action":"Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":null,"why":"The paper names the MRC-IEU OpenGWAS database and CKDGen website as repositories holding the data. [downgraded to 'partial' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":8.33,"priority":"essential","scored":true},{"key":"i_open_nonproprietary_format","dimension":"I","label":"Open file format","action":"Release the data in an open, community-standard format (CSV/TSV, JSON, HDF5, NetCDF, FASTQ, VCF, NIfTI…) instead of — or alongside — any proprietary or instrument-native format, and name the format in the paper. A dataset that needs a €2,000 licence to open is not reusable. Prefer open neuroimaging formats such as NIfTI or BIDS.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No file format for the released data is mentioned.","gain":8.33,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"f_dataset_cited","dimension":"F","label":"Dataset formally cited","action":"Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the neuroimaging repository accession (e.g. from OpenNeuro or NeuroVault) in the reference list.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"The GWAS summary statistics for CKD and eGFR that were generated using UK Biobank and CKDGen data are available from the MRC-IEU OpenGWAS database ( https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/ ) and CKDGen website ( http://ckdgen.imbi.uni-freiburg.de/ ) respectively.","why":"The dataset identifier appears only in the body text (Data availability section), not as a reference-list entry. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":4.17,"priority":"important","scored":true},{"key":"r_versioning","dimension":"R","label":"Snapshot identified","action":"Version the deposit and cite the exact version analysed (a version-specific DOI, or an accession with its version suffix). A reader reproducing your work against 'the current release' is reproducing it against a different dataset.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No version token or date is given to identify the snapshot of the data.","gain":4.17,"priority":"useful","scored":true},{"key":"f_discovery_metadata","dimension":"F","label":"Description of the dataset as an object","action":"Add a 'Data Records' section: itemise every file in the deposit and every variable or sample it holds, with counts and units. Describe the dataset as an object in its own right, not as a by-product of the findings — this is what makes it discoverable to someone who is not looking for your paper.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The dataset is described in running prose without an itemized inventory of files or variables. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"essential","scored":false},{"key":"a_access_conditions_stated","dimension":"A","label":"Access level labelled","action":"State the access level in words, using the standard vocabulary: 'These data are open access' / 'These data are controlled access'. A reader — and a harvester — should not have to infer the access level from the presence of a download link.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"partial","current":0.5,"evidence":"The GWAS summary statistics for CKD and eGFR that were generated using UK Biobank and CKDGen data are available from the MRC-IEU OpenGWAS database ( https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/ ) and CKDGen website ( http://ckdgen.imbi.uni-freiburg.de/ ) respectively.","why":"The paper describes an access action (available from repositories) but does not label the access level as 'open access' or 'restricted'. [majority verdict 'partial' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"i_community_standard_vocabulary","dimension":"I","label":"Community standard / vocabulary","action":"Adopt and NAME your domain's data standard — the minimum-information checklist, metadata schema, or ontology your community uses (MIAME/MINSEQE, ISA-Tab, BIDS, an OBO ontology, HL7 FHIR/OMOP) — and say which one you followed. A reporting checklist standardises your paper; it does nothing for your data. In neuroimaging, describe the data with BIDS, NIfTI or DICOM.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No community standard for data or metadata is named in the paper. [majority verdict 'no' (2/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"r_provenance_methods","dimension":"R","label":"Provenance of the data","action":"Name the instruments, kits, and software — with versions — that produced the data, not just the verbs. 'Reads were aligned' is not provenance; 'aligned with STAR v2.7.9a to GRCh38' is, because someone else can rerun it.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No specific instruments, platforms, or kits are named for the production of the study's data. [majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"r_documentation_codebook","dimension":"R","label":"Documentation / codebook","action":"Ship a README and a data dictionary IN the deposit — every file, every variable, its units, its allowed values, its missing-value codes. It is the cheapest single thing that makes a dataset usable by someone who was not in the lab, and a table buried in the article does not travel with the data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"Variable definitions are provided in the supplementary tables within the article, not in a separate documentation file shipped with the data. [downgraded to 'no' — no verifiable quote from the paper] [majority verdict 'no' (3/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"important","scored":false},{"key":"a_controlled_access_for_sensitive","dimension":"A","label":"Gatekeeper for sensitive data","action":"Route sensitive data through an institutional gatekeeper — deposit in a controlled- access repository (dbGaP, EGA) with a Data Access Committee and a published DUA — rather than through the corresponding author's inbox. An author-gated dataset dies with the author's email address, and 'on reasonable request' has been shown repeatedly not to yield data.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"The study's own data are summary statistics, openly available, and no gatekeeper is named. [majority verdict 'no' (4/5 passes agreed)]","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false},{"key":"a_timeline_retention","dimension":"A","label":"Availability timing & retention","action":"State when the data become available AND how long they will be retained — cite the repository's preservation policy. NIH DMS Element 4 asks for both; most papers give neither.","anchors":["yes","partial","no"],"verdict":"no","current":0.0,"evidence":null,"why":"No statement about retention period or availability timing for the data.","gain":0.0,"priority":"useful","scored":false}],"suggestions":["Attach a standard, machine-readable open licence to the deposit — CC0 or CC BY, which is what Horizon Europe and most funders expect — and print the licence identifier in the paper. 'Free to use' is not a licence: it grants nothing a reuser's institution can rely on.","Mint or cite a persistent identifier for the dataset — a repository DOI or an accession from a registered repository — and print it in the paper. A bare URL is not persistent: it is the single most common cause of a dead data link five years after publication. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","Deposit the data in a repository registered in re3data/FAIRsharing (a domain repository such as GEO, SRA, dbGaP, PRIDE, or a generalist such as Zenodo, Dryad, Dataverse) and name it explicitly in the paper. A lab website is not an archive: it has no retention commitment and no accession. For neuroimaging data, deposit in OpenNeuro or NeuroVault.","Release the data in an open, community-standard format (CSV/TSV, JSON, HDF5, NetCDF, FASTQ, VCF, NIfTI…) instead of — or alongside — any proprietary or instrument-native format, and name the format in the paper. A dataset that needs a €2,000 licence to open is not reusable. Prefer open neuroimaging formats such as NIfTI or BIDS.","Cite the dataset in the reference list like a publication — creator, year, title, repository, DOI/accession — and cite it in-text where it is used. Only a reference- list entry is machine-readable to Crossref/DataCite, and only a citation lets the data earn credit. Cite the neuroimaging repository accession (e.g. from OpenNeuro or NeuroVault) in the reference list."],"model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fulltext_source":"epmc_xml"},"fair_model":"deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash","fair_agent_version":"fair_agent_v8","fair_fulltext_source":"epmc_xml","fair_has_llm":true,"fair_computed_at":"2026-07-20T11:01:56.252616Z","clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}