This chapter looks at the neural tube that forms from the shaping and folding of the neural plate. It analyzes primary neurulation, wherein the surface ectoderm folds into a tube which separates from the surface ectoderm, and secondary neurulation, wherein the ectoderm and mesoderm cells coalesce as a mesenchyme to form first a cord and then a cavity within the cord. It also talks about neural tube closure, which is the result of extrinsic and intrinsic forces. The chapter provides an overview of the bipotential neuromesodermal progenitor (NMP) cells in the caudal end of the developing embryo can become either neural or somitic cells. It highlights the exposure of the pre-neural progenitors to opposing gradients of Fgf/Wnt and retinoic acid that leads to the patterning of the caudal neural tube along its dorsal-ventral axis.
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