{"doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae043","title":"Race/Ethnicity and the Measurement of Cognition in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: Recommendations for Robustness","abstract":"OBJECTIVES: In this study, we examine the measurement of cognition in different racial/ethnic groups to move toward a less biased and more inclusive set of measures for capturing cognitive change and decline in older adulthood. METHODS: We use data from Round 2 (N = 3,377) and Round 3 (N = 4,777) of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) and examine the study's Survey Adjusted version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-SA). We employ exploratory factor analyses to explore configural invariance by racial/ethnic group. Using modification indexes, 2-parameter item response theory models, and split-sample testing, we identify items that seem robust to bias by race. We test the predictive validity of the full (18-item) and short (4-item) MoCA-SAs using self-reported dementia diagnosis, instrumental activities of daily living, proxy reports of dementia, proxy reports of dementia-related death, and National Death Index reports of dementia-related death. RESULTS: We found that 4 measures out of the 18 used in NSHAP's MoCA-SA formed a scale that was more robust to racial bias. The shortened form predicted consequential outcomes as well as NSHAP's full MoCA-SA. The short form was also moderately correlated with the full form. DISCUSSION: Although sophisticated structural equation modeling techniques would be preferable for assuaging measurement invariance by race in NSHAP, the shortened form of the MoCA-SA provides a quick way for researchers to carry out robustness checks and to see if the disparities and associations by race they document are \"real\" or the product of artifactual bias.","journal":"The Journals of Gerontology Series B","year":2024,"id":478622,"datarank":0.16479184330021646,"base_score":1.0986122886681096,"endowment":1.0986122886681096,"self_citation_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citation_network_contribution":0.0,"self_endowment_contribution":0.16479184330021646,"citer_contribution":0.0,"corpus_percentile":29.844511487584125,"corpus_rank":8690,"citation_count":2,"citer_count":0,"citers_with_citation_signal":0,"citers_with_endowment":0,"datacite_reuse_total":0,"is_dataset":true,"is_dataset_confidence":0.5015,"is_data_producer":false,"deposit_databanks":null,"is_oa":true,"file_count":0,"downloads":0,"has_version_chain":false,"published_date":"2024-01-01","fair_score":null,"fair_percentile":null,"algorithm_id":"datarank_citation_only_1hop_v6","ranking_scope":"data_only","authors":[{"id":785792,"name":"Selena Zhong","orcid":"0000-0002-9854-7156","position":1,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":608763,"name":"Jocelyn Wilder","orcid":"0000-0001-7804-0780","position":2,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":300609,"name":"Gillian L. Marshall","orcid":null,"position":3,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":322193,"name":"Patricia Boyle","orcid":null,"position":4,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":1298474,"name":"Jennifer Hanis-Martin","orcid":null,"position":5,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":295860,"name":"Louise C. Hawkley","orcid":"0000-0001-7876-8560","position":6,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":525624,"name":"Lissette M Piedra","orcid":"0000-0002-5201-5170","position":7,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":297925,"name":"Alicia R. Riley","orcid":"0000-0002-3341-6892","position":8,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":627629,"name":"Haena Lee","orcid":"0000-0001-5061-2564","position":9,"is_corresponding":false},{"id":763349,"name":"James Iveniuk","orcid":"0000-0002-0035-1201","position":0,"is_corresponding":true}],"reference_count":31,"raw_metadata":null,"created_at":"2026-07-19T02:06:46.330532Z","pmid":"38596861","pmcid":"PMC11742139","fwci":null,"citation_percentile":null,"influential_citations":0,"oa_status":null,"license":null,"views":0,"total_file_size_bytes":0,"version_count":0,"fair_f":null,"fair_a":null,"fair_i":null,"fair_r":null,"fair_zscore":null,"fair_rationale":null,"fair_model":null,"fair_agent_version":null,"fair_fulltext_source":null,"fair_has_llm":null,"fair_computed_at":null,"clinical_trials":[],"software_tools":[],"db_accessions":[],"linked_datasets":[],"topics":[]}